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test two Flashcards

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1
Q

Carlos Linnaeus

A

Father of binomial nomenclature(taxonomy)

1707-1778*

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2
Q

Taxa

A

whose evolutionary relationships interest you*

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3
Q

Clades

A

Determine charaters and examine the character states(which taxon does and does not have charatcers)

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4
Q

polarity

A

whether each character stateis original or derived in each taxon

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5
Q

outgroups

A

to compare with the taxa you are considering helps you determine the polarity

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6
Q

Synapomorphies

A

shared or derived characters

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7
Q

plesiomorphies

A

original or primitive characteristics

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8
Q

Homoplasy

A

convergence

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9
Q

Monophyletic phylogeny

A

contains the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

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10
Q

paraphyletic group

A

contains the most recent common ancestors of all members and some but not all of its descendants: goal is to avoid:does not reflect real ancestry

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11
Q

polyphyletic

A

group does not contain the most recent common ancestor: goal is to avoid:does not reflect real ancestry

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12
Q

Phylum Porifera Characteristics

A
  1. Asymetrical
  2. four cell walls
  3. water circulations
  4. No tissues or organs
  5. most of the species are marine
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13
Q

Porifera cell types

A
  1. Pinacocytes
  2. Archeaocytes
  3. Choanocytes
  4. Mesohyl
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14
Q

Pinacocytes

A

these cells form the outer surface of the sponge and may form porocytes which regulate water circulation

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15
Q

Archeaocytes

A

these cells are amoebiod like cells that are specialized for reproduction, secreting skeletal elements(spicules) transporting and storing food, and forming contractile rings.

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16
Q

Collencytes

A

secrete fibrillar collagen

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17
Q

Phylum Porifera Characteristics

A
  1. Asymetrical
  2. four cell walls
  3. water circulations
  4. No tissues or organs
  5. most of the species are marine
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18
Q

Porifera cell types

A
  1. Pinacocytes
  2. Archeaocytes
  3. Choanocytes
  4. Mesohyl
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19
Q

Pinacocytes

A

these cells form the outer surface of the sponge and may form porocytes which regulate water circulation

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20
Q

monophyletic phylogeny

A

contains the most recent common ancestor and all of its descendants

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21
Q

monophyletic phylogeny

A

contains the most recent common ancestor of all memebers and some but not all of its descendants.

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22
Q

Choanocytes

A

flagellated cells that have a collar like ring

flagellum creates a water current to draw water with food from the outside the sponge

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23
Q

mesohyl

A

forms a gelatinous matrix in the sponge

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24
Q

Phylum Cnidaria characteristics

A
  1. Radial symmery
  2. Tissue-level organization
  3. Gastrovascular cavity(one way street no anus)
  4. Nervous system
  5. Specialized cells, called nematocyst, used in defense and feeding
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25
Class Hydrozoa
portugese man of war Mostly marine, some freshwater some have many polyps that are colonial
26
Nematocyst
mm
27
class Scyphozoa
``` medusa prominent in life history the polyp stage is small tentacles hang below the bell common name:jellyfish GFP can be attached to any protein and fold into a florescent molecule. ```
28
glowing jellyfish
helped to see microscopic images
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statocyste (the ball)
``` tells jellyfish which way is up has oceli(eyes with lens) ```
30
class staurozoa
no medusa phase solitary polyp body is stalked and uses an adhesive disc to attach to seaweeds polyps reproduce sexually nonswimming planula develops directly into a new polyp
31
`Class cubozoa
medusa stage is prominent tentacles hang from corners of the bell common name:sea wasp
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class anthrozoa
polyps are colonial or solitray | medusa stage is absent
33
Lesser members of the superphylum : Lophotrochozoa
grow by increasing in body mass Ciliary locomotion often with trochophore larva major groups include Mollusca and Annelida
34
phylum Mollusca
True coelomate whose members have a head-foot visceral mass mantle and mantle cavity most classes have a radula(a tounge with teeth) and a calcareous chell size: from almost microscopic to the 900 kg Achiteuthis
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head foot
contains the mouth and certain nervous and sensory structures. used for attachment and locomotion
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visceral mass
contains the organs of digestion, circulation, ,reproduction and excretion. attahced to the dorsal aspect of the head-foot.
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mantle
enfolds most of the body and may secrete a shell
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radula
rasping structure that consists of a chitinous belt and rows of posteriorly curved teeth.
39
odontophore
supports the radula
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class caudofoveata
wormlike molluscks with a cylindrical, shell-less body; scale like calcareous spincles tentacles, statocysts, crystalline style, foot, nephridia and lack eyes lives in deep water, marine burrows
41
class scaphopoda
the body is enclosed in a shell that is open at both ends tentacles are used for deposit feeding no head marine habitat
42
Class Bivalvia
``` body enclosed shell consisting of two valves, hinged dorsally no head or radula wegde-shaped foot habitat: marine and freshwater siphon brings both food and oxygen ```
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class Gastropoda
shell usually colied body symmetry distorted by torsion some monoecious species(hermaphrodite) lives in fresh, marine and terrestrial
44
Phylum Annelida: Class polychaeta
``` metameric(segmented), elongated, and cylindrical or oval in cross-section. Complete digestive tract paired epidermal setae with a ventral nerve cord : over 5300 species most are marine head with eyes and tentacles parapodia bear numerous setae monoecious(hermaphrodite) and dioecious with a trochophore larval stage ```
45
Phylum Anthropoda
Metamerism | tagmatization
46
Metamerism
the anthropos body is often composed of a series of similar segments, each bearing a pair of appendages.
47
Tagmatization
permits the specialization of regions of the body for specific functions
48
Subphylum Trilobitomorpha
all marine lived cambrian-permian bodies divided into3 longitudinal grooves antennae and biramous appendages
49
biramous appendages
trilobite appendages consists of two lobes | -->are walking legs( digging, swimming, or as gills)
50
biramous
two lobes or appendages or rami
51
subphylum chelicerata
the body is divided into a prosoma and opisthoma; first pair of appendages is pincerlike and used for feeding.
52
Common names
do not tell you relationships | names can be deceiving even if they are scientific
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analogous structure
characters are not from a common ancestor. instead similar structures are caused by convergent evolution. (Ex: Sharks and dolphins, birds and bats)
54
homologous structure
characters from a common ancestor, used in cladistics.
55
--- | polyphyletic phylogeny
group does not contain the most recent common ancestor.
56
Phylum Ctenophora : Class Nuda ; Class Tentaculata
``` Biradially symmetrical Ellipsoid Shape Has comb rows : No Tentacles ; Has Tentacles ```
57
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Worms are acoelomate bilateral invertbrates w/o appendages some Cnidarian-like characters show specialization and division of labor among organs
58
Class Turbellaria
flatworms: free-living(only found in class Turbellaria) and parasitic forms Marine, freshwater and terrestrial environments
59
Class cestoda
Live in: humans, dogs, cats, rabbits, and other mammals immature stages develop in crustaceans and fish length up to 20 m (infects humans)
60
Phylum Nemertea
Probiscus is a long muscular tube that can be thrust out swiftly to grasp prey. size 20 cm - 60 m active marine predators.
61
Phylum Sipuncula
live in rocky tide pools and have no segmentation or setae | resemble sea cucumbers w/ no tube feet
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Phylum Entoprocta
``` Resemble hydroid Cnidarians but have ciliated tentacles that tend to roll inward microscopic - 5 mm in length Solitary or colonial and all are stalked ciliary feeders all except one are marine found from poles to tropics ```
63
Phylum Brachiopoda
uesd to be dominant | looks like a clam, but with no foot instead, two lophophore tentacles.
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Lingula
burrowing brachiopod
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Mollusca (class) Solenogastres
``` has no shell foot is pedal groove no radula is wormlike poorly developed head burrowing marine molluks ```
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Mollusks (class) polyplacophora
``` Elongated and dorsoventrally flat head reduced shell has 8 dorsal plates lives in marine tide pools chitin shell ```
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Mollusca (class) Monoplacophora
a single arched shell(looks like a cone) Foot broad and flat lives in marine
68
Mollusca Gastropoda : slit shell
primitive gastropods the slits are for gills Perotrochus gouyanus found 600 ft off Curacao Netherlands
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Mollusca Gastropoda Janthina
parasite of the portuguese man of war
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Cone snails
Venomous
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Mollusca Gastropoda Nudibranchia
slug( gsatropods without shells use nematocyst from anemones they eat to defend themselves Rhinophores: chemical sensor
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Mollusca order Opisthobranch
the spotted sea hare
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Mollusca class Cephalopoda (subclass) Coleoidea
Foot modified into a circle of tentacles and a siphon Shell is reduced or absent Head in line with the elongated visceral mass all marine
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Mollusca Cephalopoda Hapalochlaena lunulata
Blue ringed octopus major neurotoxin venom is identical to tetradotoxin can kill humans secreted by salivary glands in octo.
75
giant octopus
Enteroctopus dofleini
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Mollusca Cephalopoda (subclass) Nautiloidea
cambrian-recent
77
Annelida :Class polychaeta: Euncie viridis: Samoan palolo worm
Atoke: mainbody epitoke: filled with gametes both separate once a year to reproduce.
78
Annelida :Class polychaeta: Tomopteris sp.
effective swimmer and spends whole life in open water.
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Annelida Oligocheata
``` few setae no parapodia that would interfere with burrowing or fossorial lifestyle no distinct head monoecious with direct development primarily freshwater and terrestrial ```
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Annelida Oligochaeta Tubifex
Earthworm with 3000+ species
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Annelida Hirudinea--- Leeches
3000+ species body=34 segments: each divided into Annuli anterior and posterior suckers monoecious with direct development parapodia absent, setae are reduced or absent freshwater, marine and terrestrial
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Phylum Pogonophora::order Riftiida:Riftiidae
Riftia pachyptila
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Anomalocaris
links anthropods and worms
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Halkeria
links worms and brachiopods
85
Lesser members of the superphylum: Ecdysozoa
Grow by molting locomotion not by cilia common set of homeobox
86
Dermaptera
Earwigs
87
Orthoptera
Grasshopper
88
Order Stomatapoda Mantodea
Praying mantis | sees 16 colors of light(humans see 4)
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Phasmida
walking sticks
90
Odenata
Damselfly
91
Blattodea
Cockroach and Termites
92
Ephemeroptera
Mayfly
93
Zygentoma
Silverfish
94
Old Order(in older literature) Isoptera
Termintes
95
Hemimetabolous
larve similar to adults
96
psocodea
parasitic lice
97
Hemiptera
related to bed bugs: true Bugs or cicada
98
Monarch Butterflys
...
99
holometabolous
look completely different as a larve to adult
100
Neuroptera
dobson fly, ant lion, stone fly
101
Coleoptera
God loves beetles( 400,000 species)
102
malpighian tubules
solutes especially K(potassium), are activly secreted into the upper tubules. Water and K acid urate follow.
103
Hymenoptera
honeybee or bumble bee
104
...
Ants
105
Trichoptera
caddlisflies
106
how do insects breath
spiracles, tracheae and taenidia(chitinous bands that stregthen the tracheae)
107
Lepidoptera
butterlies
108
Saturnides
moth
109
Diptera
House fly
110
Anopheles gambiae
mosquito (carry malaria)
111
Siphonaptera
fleas carry the bubonic(black) plague(where the human population actually dipped
112
powering an insect wing
a. wings b. joints, contracting muscles c. dorsoventral muscles d. longitudinal muscles
113
HExapoda Insecta
the insects
114
Hexapoda Entognatha Collembola
Springtails
115
Hexapoda Class Entognatha characters
base of mouth parts lies within head capsule; mandibles have one articulation
116
Hexapoda Class insecta characters
base of mouth parts exposed and exiting head capsule; mandibles usually have two regions of articulation
117
cleaner shrimp
ask
118
sand/mole crab
body shape: tear drop lives in surf zone on american beaches burrows fast but not deep
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Order Decapoda
3 pairs of maxillipeds | 5 pairs of walking legs: modified to form pinchers
120
SP: Chelicerata
body divided: prosoma and opisthosoma
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Chelicerata Merostomata
Pterygotus anglicus:extinct | early devonian 2 meters long
122
Chelicerata Merostomata Xiphosurida
horseshoe crab
123
Blood of horse shoe crab
copper in its hemocyanin turns it blue | coagulates when it touches pathogens
124
Chelicerata Araachnida
Spiders
125
Chelicerata Acari
Ticks, mites
126
Chelicerata opiliones
daddy long legs
127
Scorpiones
Scorpions
128
pseudoscorpions
no antenna
129
Chelicerata Pycnogonida
sea spiders benthic marine anthropods carnivores with muscular pharynx to suck soft food into the gut. mouth at the end of the probiscus digestion is intracellular and most feed on sponges
130
Myriapoda Chilopoda
centipeds
131
Anthropod Crustacea
most aquatic head with two pari of antenna one pair of mandibles and two pair of maxillae biramous appendages
132
xenocarida Ramipedia
paddle foot
133
Xenocarida Cephalocarida
strange shrimp true hermaphrodite leaf like triramous appendages
134
M. copepoda
maxillipeds modified for feeding most numerous metazoans(multi-celled animals) habitat fresh-hypersaline, to rivers lakes and oceans
135
M. Cirripedia (barnacles)
immobile as adults, marine and usually enclosed in CaC valves
136
Malacostraca Isopoda
appendages modified for crawling, feeding, or swimming | includes: lobster, crab, shrimp, and isopods
137
Malacostraca Euphausuacea Krill
90 species carapace fused with thoracic segs. most are bioluminescent
138
Phylum Echinodermata
``` Pentaradial symmetry as adults calcareous endoskeleton covered by epithelium water-vascular system tube feet deuterostomia ```
139
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140
Class asteroidea infraclass Concentricycloidea
``` Sea Daisies (1986) disk shaped flat bodies>1cm diameter deep waters off New Zealand and Bahamas water-vascular system tube-feet around the edge of the disk no obvious arms or mouth absorb nutrients through the membrane that surrounds their body hydropore, instead of a madreporite, connects the inner ring canal to the aboral surface ```
141
Fossil sea star
first found in Ordovician
142
Class Ophiuroidea
arms sharply marked off from the central disk no suction cups on tube feet brittle stars Bursae are fluid filled sacs where water circulates for respiration
143
Pelagic
open ocean
144
necton
swim
145
Basket stars
hangs out with the cnidarian
146
Joanna Aizenberg
discovered tiny lenses on the surface of a brittle star, Ophiocoam wendtii focus light about five micrometers below the surface
147
The Chordates
belongs to deuterostomia: includes echinodermata and hemichordata
148
Chordata, SP: Urochordata, Class:Ascidiacea: the sea squirts
Notachord dorasl nerve hollow cord pharyngeal slits muscular post anal tail
149
endostyle
shared derived character of the chordates endostyle homologous with the thyroid gland of vertebrates: concentrate iodine( from seawater in primitive chordates and from blood in derived vertebrates
150
Chordata SP Urochordata C thaliacea
the salps the orange gonad is visible in each individual

Animal Biology (6 decks)

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