Test one Flashcards
what is the definition of learning at a behavior level?
the acquisition and change of an organisms behavior as a RESULT of lifetime events. it is used to describe changes in a behavior that occur as a result of interactions.
what is the definition of learning from a neural level?
its an alteration in the brain that accompany behavior change and participates in the regulation of behavior
how does the environment affect behavior and learning
Enviroment is a cause of the change of behavoir and learning is the effects.
what is part of the brain is affected when behaviour changes?
When there are changes in behaviour there are also changes in the neuroaspac
what are the 4 types of learning
- non contigent stimulus
- respondent conditioning
- operant conditioning.
- derived rational responding
explain non contigent stimulus and give an example
effects of an environment situation with one stimulus.
example:
○ Loud noise = startled response,. Its automatic responses, if you keep having loud noises the response.
Ex 2) slamming a book on the desk we would have a startled response. I he kept doing it we would get used to it and no longer response
reponse condtioning explain and give an example
effects of an environment situation with 2 stimilus.
○ Example ring the bell with food dog drools. Behavouir would be the drool.
Another example - slamming book with a light.
operant conditioning explain and give an example
2 stimili but one is before the behaviour and the other is after the behaviour.
example- link oushing food, pushing more often
derived rational responding
not being told how to do something but doing it correctly. generally by generalized opperant
what is the diffrence between learning and behavoiur
Learning- is the
Behaviour is the thing you did to have the learning
You need to have a change in behaviour to have a change in learning, you do not have to see the change in behaviour though. Behaviour is reacting to the enviroment.
behaviour can be something unseen. for example period not eating ext
what did Aristotle believe?
believed you learn through experiences
was an impiricist( nuture) - this assumes the persons abilities and tendencies are learned.
what did plato believe?
nativist -believed knowledge are born with you it is genetic.
knowledge is innate
what are aristotles 4 laws
- Similarity -are gonna be more ready learned, things that have similar functions
Ex cars and truck because they have the same purpose - contrast- events are seen opposite to each other
ex day and night - contigency - closeness in time and space.
example thunder and lightning - frequency - more frequent co occurrance of the events creates stronger assositation.
ex rehearsing lines for a play repeately to memorize them
what did descartes believe?
behaviour is made up of 2 parts 1) automatic and controlled
- body is automatic but mind was voluntary ( only humans tho) because of free will
what did titchener believe
- structuralism- which is a psycology approach that identifies basic elements which determine structure of the mind
- introspection - they controlled the enviroment and then asked the participants what they were thinking and feeling. It was a research method at the time
what did james believe?
- fuctionalism psyc approach that assumes the midn to eveloved to help us to adapt to the world
- focuses on the adaptive processes and not the structure of mind
what did darwin believe in?
- natural selection
what is natural selection?
organisms capable of adapting to enviromental pressures are more likely to produce and pass along charcterisitcs
- traits may vary between species
- many traits can be passed onto offspring
- organisms must complete/coorerate for limited resources.
what are the 3 behaviours in natural selection. list explain and have an example
- Reflectes- automatic response in a specific situation. Ask for an example
2, Maps - affect the whole body and through time, ex samon to go up stream they are not tough that but do it anyway. Ex spiders doing webs they just do it. Something you do without being taught.
- General behavior traits - each rat is different but can bite? ( ask about this)
what did watson believe?
behaviourism- focuses on enviromental influences on observable measurable behaviour
- goal = prediction and control over behaviour
instrospection is a subjective data collection metod need to be avaioded, need more reliable and valid methods.
- if we cant measure it we shouldnt study it ( ex coincious drive) focus on what you can see
what is methodological behavoirism?
- should only study directly observed behaviours
stimulus reposonse- connection or relationship formed between specific stimulus and specific response
what is stimulus response theory?
connection or relationship formed between specific stimulus and specific response
what is hull
hull is a methodology for behaviourism, it looks at the eviroment, then looks at the internal events (ex hunger) then looks at observable behaviour
what is tollman behaviour analyize
looks at the enviroments, then the internal events (internal cognative process as expectations such as hypothesis) then the observable behaviour. it also uses cognitive map. - this is mental representation of spacial surroundings