Test One: Dosage And Rx Writing

Question 0

Goal of pharmaceutical testing

Answer 0

Achieve therapeutic bioequivalence

Question 1

When are products considered to be bioequivalent?

Answer 1

Similar AUC, peak concentration, and time to reach peak concentration

Question 2

Oral formulations from fastest delivery to slowest (coated tablets, suspensions, solutions, tablets, capsules)

Answer 2

solutions, suspensions, capsules, tablets, and coated tablets

Question 3

What oral dosage form is best for kids/elderly?

Answer 3

Liquids-solutions and suspensions

Question 4

What is the rate-limiting step in the overall absorption of a drug from solution?

Answer 4

Gastric emptying

Question 5

How are suspensions different from solutions?

Answer 5

These drugs are water insoluble

Question 6

What is the rate limiting step for suspensions?

Answer 6

Rate of dissolution; longer rate= slower absorption

Question 7

What is an advantage of solid dosage forms?

Answer 7

convenience of administration, accuracy and reproducibility of dosing, increased drug stability, and ease of mass production

Question 8

What is the purpose of dilutants/fillers?

Answer 8

To ensure physical stability in capsules and aid in absorption–lactose

Question 9

What can be a problem with lubricants (magnesium stearate) in capsules?

Answer 9

Very hydrophobic which can slow down drug dispersal into GI fluid

Question 10

What is used for capsule disintegration?

Answer 10

Disintegrants (starch)

Question 11

What is the most frequently used means of drug administration?

Answer 11

Tablets

Question 12

What are the pros and cons of the high compression of tablets?

Answer 12

Pro: can fit more the of active ingredient into the tablet
Con: takes longer to disintegrate

Question 13

Rate limiting step for tablets

Answer 13

Dissolution(can be increased with a more soluble form of the drug like a salt)

Question 14

Why are coated tablets covered in enteric coating?

Answer 14

Delay disintegration until it reaches the small intestines (protects drug from stomach or vice versa). Cellulose acetate is insoluble between pH 1-3

Question 15

What route of administration is particularly useful for drugs with short half lives?

Answer 15

Intravenous–offer more control with administration and concentration

Question 16

What is required for drug absorption after intramuscular injection?

Answer 16

Some water solubility (ie morphine)

Question 17

Which drugs should be administered subcutaneously?

Answer 17

Insulin and low molecular weight heparin

Question 18

Major rate limiting steps of percutaneous administration of a drug

Answer 18

release of drug from the formulation and passage across the stratum corneum (examples of drugs: nicotine, scopolamine, and nitroglycerin)

Question 19

What’s the advantage of prolonged release formulations?

Answer 19

Reducing dosing frequency while maintaining therapeutic drug concentrations (can be good for drugs with narrow margins of safety)

Question 20

How does the delivery of a prodrug help with drug administration?

Answer 20

The drug (such as l-dopa) does not become activated until it reaches an enzyme or certain biological fluid. L-dopa can cross the BBB to then become it’s activated form -dopamine to treat Parkinson’s symptoms

Question 21

Single entity vs combination formulations

Answer 21

Single has one active ingredient while combo has at least two. Analgesics are typically combo

Question 22

What do you need in order to write scheduled prescriptions?

Answer 22

DEA number

Question 23

Superscription

Answer 23

“Rx” or recipe

Question 24

Inscription

Answer 24

Name of the drug and dosage (with unit) and form (ie: Amoxicillin, 500 mg capsules)

Question 25

Subscription

Answer 25

Instructions to the pharmacist for dispensary information [ie: twenty (20) caps]

Question 26

Transcription

Answer 26

Directions for the pt (signa)

Sig: take four (4) capsules one hour before every appt p.o.

Question 27

How does the DEA classify substances?

Answer 27

Medicinal usefulness and dependence liability. Schedule I has highest abuse potential and lowest medicinal usefulness

Question 28

Do all opioids and benzodiazepines require prescriptions?

Answer 28

Yes, they are all scheduled drugs

Question 29

How often can each schedule be refilled?

Answer 29

We can’t prescribe schedule I, schedule II cannot be refilled, and controlled substances in schedules III, IV and V can be refilled five
times within 6 months,

Question 30

Which regulations should we follow, state or federal?

Answer 30

Whichever one is the most strict

Question 31

1 grain =?

Answer 31

65 mg