Test part 3

Question 1

DNA

Answer 1

A nucleic acid that contains the genetic code

4 base pairs and 4 nitrogen bases

Question 2

Nucleotide

Answer 2

The basic building block of nucleic acids, such as DNA and RNA. It is an organic compound made up of nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 3

Nitrogenous base

Answer 3

Nitrogen-bearing compound with chemical properties of a base

one of the fundamental components of nucleic acids, such as DNA.

Question 4

Base pairing rules

Answer 4

Adenine pairs with thymine
Guanine pairs with cytosine

Specific hydrogen bonding in a DNA strand

Question 5

Helicase

Answer 5

Unzips the DNA strand

Question 6

DNA polymerase

Answer 6

Reads the DNA strand and adds complementary nucleotides to the new strand

Question 7

RNA

Answer 7

a long, single-stranded chain of cells that processes protein

Question 8

Messenger rna (mRNA)

Answer 8

Carries DNA code from nucleus to ribosome, orders tRNA to pickup amino acids

Question 9

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 9

Assembles ribosomes in nucleus

Question 10

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Answer 10

Carries each amino acid to the ribosomes

Question 11

Transcription

Answer 11

RNA is copied from DNA

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

mRNA transcribed from DNA

Question 13

Protein synthesis

Answer 13

Ribosomes use RNA to assemble amino acids into proteins

Question 14

RNA polymerase

Answer 14

an enzyme that synthesizes the formation of RNA from a DNA template during transcription.

Question 15

Ribosome

Answer 15

The site of translation and protein synthesis

Question 16

Codon

Answer 16

a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

Question 17

Mutation

Answer 17

Mistakes made when DNA is copied

Changes genetic material of the cell

Question 18

Duplication

Answer 18

A type of mutation in which a portion of a genetic material or a chromosome is duplicated or replicated, resulting in multiple copies of that region.

Question 19

Deletion

Answer 19

a part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication. Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome

Question 20

Inversion

Answer 20

a segment of a chromosome is reversed end to end. An inversion occurs when a single chromosome undergoes breakage and rearrangement within itself

Question 21

Translocation

Answer 21

a segment of genetic material from one chromosome becomes heritably linked to another chromosome.

Question 22

Mitosis

Answer 22

process by which the nucleus divides in eukaryotic organisms, producing two new nuclei that are genetically identical to the nucleus of the parent cell.

PMAT

Question 23

Meiosis

Answer 23

process by which the nucleus divides in all sexually reproducing organisms during the production of spores or gametes

PMATx2

Question 24

Gametes

Answer 24

Sex cells

Question 25

Haploid

Answer 25

Cells that have only one copy of the chromosomes (1n)

Question 26

Diploid

Answer 26

cells that have two copies of every chromosome (2n)

Question 27

Chromosomes

Answer 27

Rod-shaped structures made of DNA and proteins called histones

Question 28

Chromatin

Answer 28

substance of a cell nucleus, consisting of DNA, RNA, and various proteins, that forms chromosomes during cell division.

Question 29

Independent assortment

Answer 29

When the chromosomes arrange themselves into a random order when they separate

Question 30

Crossing over

Answer 30

The exchanging of genes between chromosomes to allow genetic variability

Question 31

Interphase

Answer 31

A period of growth development in the cell cycle

Question 32

Cytokinesis

Answer 32

The division of a cells cytoplasm (when the cell splits in two)

Question 33

G1 phase

Answer 33

The longest stage of interphase | The cell is growing and organelles are duplicating

Question 34

S phase

Answer 34

DNA and chromosomes replicate

Question 35

G2 phase

Answer 35

Prepares cell for mitosis | Cell continues to grow and checks for errors

Question 36

Checkpoints

Answer 36

Regulate the cell cycle | Found in interphase, give stop and go ahead signals

Question 37

Prophase

Answer 37

Chromosomes condense and centrioles move to opposite ends of cell

Question 38

Metaphase

Answer 38

Chromosomes form a line down the middle

Question 39

Anaphase

Answer 39

Chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

Question 40

Telophase

Answer 40

2 new daughter nuclei form Cleavage furrow Cells elongate Mitosis ends

Question 41

G0 phase

Answer 41

The dormancy period in the interphase or cell cycle in which the somatic cell is resting or dormant

Question 42

Cancer

Answer 42

A disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably, destroying healthy tissue

Question 43

Heredity

Answer 43

the passing on of physical or mental characteristics genetically from one generation to another.

Question 44

Trait

Answer 44

a distinguishing quality or characteristic, typically one belonging to a person.

Question 45

Gene

Answer 45

A portion of a DNA molecule that serves as the basic unit of heredity. Genes control the characteristics that an offspring will have

Question 46

Allele

Answer 46

one of the possible forms of a gene. Most genes have two alleles, a dominant allele and a recessive allele.

Question 47

Dominant factor

Answer 47

Stronger, masks recessive

Question 48

Recessive factor

Answer 48

Seems to disappear

Question 49

Homozygous

Answer 49

has two of the same allele, whether dominant or recessive,

Question 50

Heterozygous

Answer 50

having one each of two different alleles

Question 51

Phenotype

Answer 51

Physical appearance of the individual

Question 52

Genotype

Answer 52

Alleles an individual receives at fertilization

Question 53

Complete dominance

Answer 53

The dominant allele will completely mitigate any effect the recessive allele has in determining the outcome of the gene

Question 54

Incomplete dominance

Answer 54

Offspring are intermediate between two parental phenotypes Neither allele is completely dominant over the other resulting in 3 phenotypes

Question 55

Codominance

Answer 55

Both alleles of a gene are expressed Neither allele is dominant or recessive

Question 56

sex-linked traits

Answer 56

The genes on the X chromosome that have no matching genes on the Y chromosomes (Usually recessive)