Test - Part 6 - Dev Flashcards
What is the direction of blood flow in the: Transverse sinus
Laterally - away from the confluence of sinuses to the sigmoid sinus
What is the direction of blood flow in the: Occipital Sinus
Superiorly - to the confluence of sinuses
What is the direction of blood flow in the: Superior Petrosal Sinus
drains the cavernous sinus, posterior-laterally to the sigmoid sinus along the petrous ridge of the temporal bones.
What is the direction of blood flow in the: Sigmoid Sinus
Drains from the transverse sinus inferiorly and medially, in an S bend, to the internal jugular vein at the jugular foramen.
Describe the location of the cavernous sinus
Either side of the sphenoid body
Which sinuses meet at the confluence of sinuses?
Occipital, Superior sagittal, Straight Sinus and transverse sinuses.
Describe the location of the Pyloric Sphincter internally?
The pyloric sphincter is junction between the pylorus at the distal end of the stomach and the proximal end of duodenum (first part of small intestine).
Describe the location of the Pyloric Sphincter externally in terms of surface location?
approximately one inch to the right of the mid-line, two inches below the xiphi-sternum.
Describe the location of the Ilio-caecal valve internally?
Between the ileum of the small intestine and the caecum of the large intestine.
Describe the location of the ilio-caecal valve externally in terms of surface location?
At McBurney’s Point – one third of the way along a line from the right anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus. However, it is found to vary from this position quite considerably (together with the rest of the intestines) such that it may be lower, higher, down in the right iliac fossa, up around the hepatic flexure, or even occasionally on the opposite side of the body.
What considerations do you think is important for a patient for tension and spasm in the ilio-caecal valve?
The ileo-caecal valve is regulated by sympathetic nerve supply which contracts the sphincter. It is therefore affected by stress, narrowing or blocking the sphincter, causing congestion, pain and potential stagnation and infection. This may contribute towards appendicitis.
Using fundamental principles and an awareness of the underlying causes, the most relevant area is the Solar Plexus, or coeliac plexus, overstimulation of which closes the ileo-caecal valve. Also, consider sympathetic nerve origins from T10-T12, and unwinding of the ileo-caecal valve and its surrounding fascia. Consider external causes of stress like lifestyle and eating habits.
What underlying conditions would you think about in a patient who reported anal bleeding?
1) Haemorrhoids
2) Colon cancer
3) Duodenal ulcers
Crohn’s Disease, particularly in the Small intestine causes pain, diarrhoea and bleeding.
How would you differentiate those conditions?
1) Haemorrhoids = bright red blood on tissue paper or a few spots in toilet
2) Colon cancer or ulcers = darker red blood coming from higher up, tends to be mixed with the stool.
How would you approach the treatment of such a patient?
As with so many visceral disturbances, the chronic cause is stress and the solution lies in addressing the whole person – the psycho-emotional factors creating the perception of pressure. Physical treatments are likely to be transient, whereas a genuine whole person approach can provide the necessary transformation required to not only address the disturbance, but bring about a less pressurised, more enjoyable lifestyle. Autonomic imbalance due to stress related factors are likely to play a part, and once again the application of fundamental “whole person” cranio-sacral principles to the treatment of the person as a whole, and the underlying factors contributing to the condition, are likely to prove effective.
Where is the pineal gland located?
Posterior superior wall of the 3rd ventricle in the pineal recess. Anterior to the straight sinus.
