Test Prep Flashcards
1
Q
The ability to do work.
A
Energy
2
Q
What energy is converted in the light bulb?
A
Electrical energy is converted to radiant energy and thermal energy.
3
Q
What are the different types of energy this year?
A
Chemical energy, mechanical energy, thermal energy, and electrical energy.
4
Q
What energy mist be added to the substance to cause a substance to change states?
A
Thermal Energy
5
Q
One or more substances change to produce one or more different substances.
A
Chemical Reaction
6
Q
If reaction proceeds in only one direction these are shown the left side of the equation
A
Reactants
7
Q
The blank of this reaction are shown the right of the equation.
A
Products
8
Q
Is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism.
A
Metabolism
9
Q
The amount of energy needed to start the reaction.
A
Activation Energy
10
Q
Reduce the amount of activation energy that is needed for a reaction to take place.
A
Catalysts
11
Q
Is a protein or RNA molecule that speeds up metabolic reactions without being permanently changed or destroyed.
A
Enzyme
12
Q
These reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms are known as oxidation-reduction reactions.
A
Redox Reactions
13
Q
A reactant loses one or more electrons thus becoming more positive in charge.
A
Oxidation Reaction
14
Q
A reactant gains one or more electrons thus becoming more negative in charge.
A
Reduction Reaction
15
Q
Are made primarily of carbon atoms.
A
Organic Compounds
16
Q
With a few exceptions do not contain carbon atoms.
A
Inorganic Compounds
17
Q
How many covalent bonds are carbon atoms made into?
A
4 covalent bonds
18
Q
How many electrons can a carbon atom share?
A
two or three even
19
Q
Influence the characteristics of the molecules they compose and the chemical reactions the molecules undergo.
A
Functional Groups
20
Q
Many carbon compounds are built up from smaller, simpler molecules.
A
Monomers
21
Q
Is a molecule that consists of repeated linked units.
A
Polymer
22
Q
Large polymers. Many types of these such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and, nucleic acids.
A
Macromolecules
23
Q
Monomers link to form polymers through a chemical reaction.
A
Condensation Reaction
24
Q
Water is used to break down a polymer.
A
Hydrolysis
25
Hydrolysis is the reverse of what?
Condensation Reaction
26
This energy is available to cells in the form of certain compounds that store a large amount of energy in their overall structure.
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
27
What does the hydrolysis of ATP do?
Is used by the cell to provide the energy needed to drive the chemical reactions that enable an organism to function.
28
Are organic compounds composed of carbon hydrogen and oxygen in a ratio of about one carbon atom to two hydrogen atoms to one oxygen atom in a ration of 1:2:1.
Carbohydrates
29
A monomer of a carbohydrate.
Monosaccharide
30
In living things two monosaccharides can combine in a condensation reaction to form a double sugar.
Disaccharide
31
Is a complex molecule composed of three or more monosaccharides.
Polysaccharide
32
Are organic compounds composed mainly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Proteins
33
Like most other biological macromolecules, proteins are formed from the linkage of monomers.
Amino Acids
34
In this condensation reaction, the two amino acids from a covalent bond.
Peptide Bond
35
Amino acids often form very long chains.
Polypeptides
36
Enzyme reactions depend on a physical fit between the enzyme molecule and its specific blank, the reactant being catalyzed.
Substrate
37
The enzyme has folds or an blank with a shape that allows the substrate to fit into this.
Active Site
38
Are large non polar organic molecules.
Lipids
39
Phospholipids, steroids, waxes, and pigments.
Triglycerides
40
Are unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids.
Fatty Acids
41
Have two rather than three fatty acids attached to a molecule of glycerol.
Phospholipids
42
Is a type of structural lipid consisting of long fatty-acid chain joined to a long alcohol chain.
Wax
43
Molecules are composed of four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached to them.
Steroid
44
Are very large and complex organic molecules that store and transfer important information in the cell.
Nucleic Acids
45
Contains information that determines the characteristics of an organism and directs its cell activities.
Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA)
46
Stores and transfers information from DNA that is essential for the manufacturing of proteins.
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
47
Is made of three main components: a phosphate group, a five-carbon sugar, and ring-shaped nitrogenous base.
Nucleotide
48
(-H) Is a part of a polar or non polar group depending on which atom hydrogen is bonded (usually polar if bonded to oxygen or nitrogen; non polar if bonded to carbon); involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. H-N (polar); H-O (polar); H-C (non polar, uncharged). Almost all organic molecules.
Hydrogen
49
(-OH) Polar involved in dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Carbohydrates and nucleic acids.
Hydroxyl
50
(-COOH) Acidic; negatively charged when the H of the carboxyl group dissociates; involved in peptide bonds. Amino acids, fatty acids.
Carboxyl
51
(-NH2) Basic; may bond an additional H become positively charged; involved in peptide bonds. Amino acids; nucleic acids.
Amino
52
(-PO4) Acidic; up to two negative charges when H dissociates; links nucleotides in nucleic acids; energy carrier in ATP. Nucleic acids, phospholipids.
Phosphate
53
Is anything that occupies space and has mass.
Matter
54
Matter
Is anything that occupies space and has mass.
55
Is the quantity of matter an object has.
Mass
56
Mass
Is the quantity of matter an object has.
57
Are substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.
Elements
58
Elements
Are substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter.
59
Info about the elements is summarized on a chart known as.
Periodic Table
60
Periodic Table
Info about the elements is summarized on a chart known as.
61
The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element is an.
Atom
62
Atom
The simplest particle of an element that retains all of the properties of that element is an.
63
The central makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles.
Nucleus
64
Nucleus
The central makes up the bulk of the mass of the atom and consists of two kinds of subatomic particles.
65
Proton
Positively charged.
66
Positively charged.
Proton
67
No charge.
Neutron
68
Neutron
No charge
69
Mass number
Is equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom.
70
Is equal to the total number of protons and neutrons of the atom.
Mass number
71
Electrons
Negatively charged particles
72
Negatively charged particles
Electrons
73
Orbital
Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.
74
Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.
Orbital
75
Orbital
Is a 3-D region around a nucleus that indicates the probable location of an electron.
76
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are.
Isotopes
77
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons are.
78
Compounds
Are made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions.
79
Are made up of atoms of two or more elements in fixed proportions.
Compounds
80
Covalent bond
Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
81
Forms when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
Covalent bond
82
Chemical bond
Are the attractive forces that hold atoms together.
83
Are the attractive forces that hold atoms together.
Chemical bond
84
Molecule
Is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state.
85
Is the simplest part of a substance that retains all of the properties of that substance and can exist in a free state.
Molecule
86
An atom or molecule with an electrical charge.
Ion
87
Ion
An atom or molecule with an electrical charge.
88
Hydrogen Bond
Is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.
89
Is the force of attraction between a hydrogen molecule with a partial positive charge and another atom or molecule with a partial or full negative charge.
Hydrogen Bond
90
Cohesion
An attraction of like substances
91
An attraction of like substances.
Cohesion
92
Adhesion
Is the attraction between unlike substances.
93
Attraction of unlike substances.
Adhesion
94
Attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid.
Capillarity
95
Capillarity
Attraction between molecules that results in the rise of the surface of a liquid when in contact with a solid.
96
Solution
Is a mix in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance.
97
Is a mix in which one or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance.
Solution
98
Solute
Is a substance dissolved in the solvent.
99
Solvent
Is the substance in which the solute is dissolved.
100
Concentration
A solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.
101
A solution is the amount of solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.
Concentration
102
Saturated Solution
Is one in which no more solute can dissolve.
103
Is one in which no more solute can dissolve.
Saturated Solution
104
Aqueous Solutions
Solutions in which water is the solvent are universally important to living things.
105
Solutions in which water is the solvent are universally important to living things.
Aqueous Solutions
106
Hydroxide ion
The OH- ion is known as
107
The OH- ion is known as
Hydroxide ion
108
Hydronium ion
The H3O+ ion is known as
109
The H3O+ ion is known as
Hydronium ion
110
Acid
If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions the solution is
111
If the number of hydronium ions in a solution is greater than the number of hydroxide ions the solution is
Acid
112
Base
A substance that decreases the concentration of hydrogen ions.
113
pH scale
It ranges from 0 to 14.
114
It ranges from 0 to 14 0 being acidic 7 being neutral and 10 being base.
pH scale
115
Buffers
Are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution.
116
Are chemical substances that neutralize small amounts of either an acid or a base added to a solution.
Buffers
117
Anions
Atom gains electrons atom has net - charge
117
Cations
Atom loses electrons atom has net + charge
117
Atomic # of Hydrogen
1
117
Atomic # of Oxygen
8
118
Atomic # of Nitrogen
7
119
Atomic # of Carbon
6
120
High surface tension
The attraction of water molecules on the surface of water.
121
Universal solvent
Water dissolves many substances. Dissolves any substance with a charge. Forms a solution.
122
Expands when freezes
Ice like most other pure substances has a crystalline structure. The structure is more spread out than a liquid water.
123
High specific heat
Water's ability to absorb a lot of heat before it gets hot. This makes water a good coolant.
124
When water dissociates it forms?
H+ ions and OH- ions
125
The concentration of a solution is the measurement of the amount of?
Solute dissolved in a fixed amount of the solution.
126
Chemical energy
Stored in the bonds of the chemical substances. Potential energy of bonds is released and becomes kinetic energy.
127
Electrical energy
Reflects the movement of charged particles.
128
Mechanical energy
Energy involved in moving matter.
129
Exergonic reactions
Involve a net release of energy; the amount of energy released when new bonds form is greater than the amount of energy needed to break apart old bonds. Surplus energy is released as the reaction occurs.
130
Endergonic reactions
Involve a net absorption of energy. The energy is released when new bonds form is less than the energy needed to break apart old bonds.
131
Catalyst
A chemical substance added to the reactant to reduce the amount of activation energy.
132
Enzymes
Class of catalysts in living organism.
133
The breakdown of polymers involves.
Hydrolysis
134
ATP releases energy when?
A phosphate group is removed from it.
135
Condensation reaction (dehydration synthesis)
To form by removing water a hydrogen atom is removed from one monomer and a hydroxyl group is removed from the second monomer. This creates openings for a new bond to be formed between monomers. The free -H and -OH groups then combine to make water.
136
Hydrolysis
To break apart by splitting with water, can split the polymer into individual monomers by adding water.
137
What are enzymes?
Most enzymes are proteins.
138
Catalysts
Chemical agent that accelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.
139
How do enzymes work?
Speed up the cells chemical reactions by lowering the free energy activation.
