Test Questions Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
Rosenthal Effect
A
self-fulfilling prophecy
2
Q
Zeigarnik Effect
A
tendency for people to return to unfinished activities, striving for closure to obtain a sense of completion
3
Q
Hawthorne Effect
A
tendency for people to improve their performance when they are being studied or observed
4
Q
Halo Effect
A
bias that occurs when a person generalizes from one aspect of a person (person is attractive) to other aspects (person is smart)
5
Q
ERG Theory
A
includes 3 needs (existence, relatedness, and growth), which are not arranged hierarchically
6
Q
Frustration-regression
A
satisfying a need makes it stronger
7
Q
Vroom’s VIE Theory
A
asserts that people will behave in ways that are based on their perceived expectancy of success and rewards
8
Q
Overjustification hypothesis
A
based on research that found if external rewards or incentives are offered for activities that had previously been intrinsically motivated, there is a decrease of interest in rewarded activities
9
Q
Gain-loss theory
A
the people we like most are those who initially didn’t like us and then change their perspective to come to like us; results from feelings that we gained something
10
Q
Hypothalamus
A
regulates many homeostatic functions in addition to the sleep-wake cycle, including temperature, hunger, and aggression
11
Q
Actor-observer bias
A
when faced with a negative outcome, people attribute their own actions to situational factors, but attribute the behavior of others to dispositional factors
12
Q
Self-serving bias
A
occurs when one attributes one’s own success to dispositional factors, while attributing one’s failures to situational factors
13
Q
Fundamental attribution error
A
attribute behavior of others to dispositional factors, while underestimating the role of situational variables
14
Q
Self-perception theory
A
about attitudes; people infer their attitudes from watching their own behavior
15
Q
Sensitivity of a test
A
test’s ability to detect true positives
16
Q
Lewinson
A
depression is caused by a low rate of behavior; other symptoms result from this initial low rate of behavior which is the lack of environment reinforcement; first to develop behavioral activation
17
Q
Parietal lobes
A
somatosensory processing
18
Q
Occipital lobe
A
vision
19
Q
Temporal lobe
A
hearing
20
Q
Frontal lobe
A
executive functions such as judgment and planning
21
Q
Equity Theory
A
looks at the rate of one’s inputs/outcomes vs. others’ inputs/outcomes. Inequity is a motivating state that causes people to adjust their performance until the ratios appear fair
22
Q
IQ Score Correlations
A
- siblings reared together: .50
- siblings reared apart= .25
- identical twins= .75
- parent/child= .40 and .45
23
Q
Rational economic model- classical decision theory
A
exhaustively compiling all relevant information, investigating all possible solutions, choosing the best one
rarely implemented because of time/information gathering limits
24
Q
Frame-of-reference (FOR) training
A
used to improve the accuracy of performance ratings; provides raters with common performance standards to help raters become clear on god and bad behavior.
Tends to improve agreement among raters
25
Bipolar Medication
Tricyclics NOT good for bipolar- can trigger manic episode
SSRIs and MAOIs can too
26
Utilization review
focuses on costs and conserving resources
27
Quality assurance
focuses on availability, adequacy, and appropriateness of services
28
Explicit/declarative memory
involves conscious recollection of information or knowledge
29
Implicit memory/procedural memory
describes the recollection of skills and physical operations that can be remembered without conscious effort
30
Episodic memory
capacity to recall autobiographical events
31
George Kelly's Personal Construct Theory
we perceive the world according to what we expect to see; based on past experiences; as experiences change, we revise our expectations
32
Gestalt Theory
people experience world in whole, not affective or cognitive fragments
33
Broca's Aphasia
left frontal lobe; difficulties with speech production and fluency
34
Wernicke's Area
located in the temporal lobe; difficulties in speech comprehension
35
Confabulation
recitation of fabricated or imagined information; occurs when a person attempts to fill in memory gaps
Amnesia common in Korsakoff's syndrome leads to confabulation
36
Delusion
false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary
37
Malingering
feigning of symptoms in order to receive external reward
38
Retrograde amnesia
involves forgetting info that occurred before a particular event or point in time
39
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development
Preconventional- morality based on consequences of act
Conventional- moral reasoning is guided by desire to maintain existing social laws, rules, and norms
Post-conventional- morality in terms of self-chosen principles
40
Extinction burst
temporary increase in the target behavior following the withholding of reinforcement
41
Spontaneous recovery
occurs in classical conditioning and involves the reappearance of the conditioned response (CR) during extinction trials
42
Structural Family Therapists
Minuchin; hierarchies; boundaries; subsystems
43
Systemic Family Therapy
Milan group; circular questioning and hypothesis formation
44
Backwards conditioning
misnomer; results in no conditioning because the subject loses interest after presentation of US
45
Satiation
operant conditinoing term; occurs when a primary reinforcer loses its reinforcing quality from being presented too much; (children and candy)
46
Habituation
classical conditioning terms; occurs when a subject gets used to (habituates) to a stimulus and no longer reacts to it
(moving to place with loud traffic)
47
Extinction
classical conditioning; occurs when a subject gets used to (habituates) to a stimulus and no longer reacts to it
48
Response rates (strongest to weakest)
1. Variable ratio
2. fixed ratio
3. variable interval
4. fixed interval
49
Stimulus generalization
responds with a conditioned response not only to the CS but also to stimuli that are similar to the CS
50
Stimulus discrimination
ability to discriminate because the CS and similar stimuli and only respond to CS with a CR
established through discrimination training- selective reinforcement and extinction
51
Experimental neurosis
acute neurosis- occurs when asked to make difficult discriminations (Circle vs. ellipsis)
52
Higher order conditioning
occurs when previously established CS serves as a US to establish CR
53
Reinforcement/punishment
Reinforcement- always increases target behavior
| Punishment- always decreases behavior
54
Positive/negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement- reward- something of value is given- state= desirable
Negative reinforcement- relief- something annoying/aversive is removed- state=desirable
55
Positive vs. negative punishment
Positive punishment= pain; after target behavior performed; something aversive is added (state= undesirable)
Negative punishment- loss- something valuable is removed- state= undesirable
56
Anosognosia
lack of awareness of a disability
57
Agnosia
loss of ability to recognize a specific sensory stimulus (e.g. objects, shapes, sounds, smells)
58
Prosopagnosia
difficulty recognizing familiar faces
59
Hemispatial neglect
one-sided neglect; results from damage to right hemisphere and results in a lack of awareness of objects on the left side
60
Contralateral vs. ipsilateral
Contralateral- opposite side
| Ipsilateral- same side
61
Bipolar Disorder Medication
prescribed lithium or anticonvulsant (Tegretol, Neurotonin, Depakote)
62
Antihypertensive medications
includes diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers
63
L-Dopa
Anti-Parkinsonian medication
64
Anti-alcohol medications
Antabuse; Naltrexone
65
Dopamine
Pyschotic symptoms- too much dopamine
Parkinson's Disease- too little dopamine
66
Expert power
holder has special knowledge or expertise
67
Reward power
holder's ability to reward others
68
Coercive power
holder's ability to punish others
69
Legitimate power
holder's valid authority in given situation
70
Referent power-
person's attraction to or desire to be like holder of power
71
Informational power
person's possession of specific, desired piece of information
72
Incremental power
combination of expert and referent power; most common reason for subordinates complying with supervisors requests
73
Donald Super
career maturity is achieved when a person successfully accomplishes the career-related developmental tasks
74
John Holland
job satisfaction occurs when there is a good fit between a person's personality and work environment
75
John Krumboltz
social learning theory of career development environmental conditions, genetics, learning experience
76
Counterconditioning
two incompatible responses cannot be experienced at the same time; stranger response will dominate/inhibit weaker response
weaken maladaptive response by strengthening incompatible response
77
Assertiveness training
assertive behaviors are incompatible with anxiety
78
Sensate focus
reduce anxiety aroused by sexual situations
79
Aversion therapy-
uses responses to aversive stimuli to inhibit a previous conditioned response of pleasure
80
Escape paradigm
aversive stimulus cannot be avoided, however, one can get the aversive stimulus to stop by emitting desired behavior
81
Psychoanalytic perspective on phobias
problematic feelings are being displaced from true source onto a neutral object
82
Projection
denying one's own feelings/thoughts; believing someone else feels them
83
Reaction formation
feeling or behaving in a manner opposite of how one actually feels
84
Splitting
keeping separate the positive + negative attributes of self (good vs. bad mommy)
85
Beck's Cognitive Triad of Depression
1. Negative view of self as defective/inadequate
2. Tendency to experience world as negative, interpret events negatively, expect failure/punishment
3. Expectation of continued hardship.negative appraisal of future
86
Rehm's Self-Control Model of Depression
depression results from high rates of self-punishment and low rates of self-reinforcement
87
Gestalt Theory
emphasizes the reintegration of aspects of oneself that have been blocked from awareness
88
Object Relations Theory
emphasizes the impact of internalized representations of early interpersonal experiences
89
Phenomenological Approach
understanding subjective experiences
90
Introjection
taking things in whole; gullible/compliant; uncritically absorbing info w/o actually understanding or assimilating
91
Retroflection
person does to self what they want to do to others
92
Deflection
avoidance of contact and/or awareness by being vague, indirect, or overly polite
93
Confluence
does not experience self as distinct; self is merged into beliefs, attitudes, and feelings of others
94
Reality Therapy- Glasser
characterized by an emphasis on responsibility, clarification of values, and evaluation of behavior
95
Bowen's Family Systems Therapy
differentiation
96
Stable coalution
Minuchin- cross generational coalition in which one parent and child unite against other parent
97
Triangulation
occurs when a child is caught in the middle of the parents' conflict
98
Detouring
spouses reinforce deviant behavior in child because it takes focus off problems they are having with each other
99
Social facilitation
enhances performance of simple, well-learned behavior, but impairs performance on complex, newly-learned behaviors; i.e. bicycling
100
Deindividuation
tendency for people in groups to act in ways they would not act individually
101
Inoculation model of persuasion
proposes that people can build resistance to persuasion by being presented with mild arguments opposed to their position, and then being given refutations for those arguments
102
Pet Scan of Schizophrenia
decreased activity/metabolic rates in frontal lobes
103
Levinson's Seasons of a Man's Life
Early adulthood
Age 30/setting down- establishes patterns appropriate for adult life
Middle adulthood- 40-45- changes from "time since birth" to "time left to live"
Late adulthood
104
Personal fable
adolescent's beliefs that they are special and that the rules that govern the behavior of others do not apply to them
105
Imaginary audience
feelings people are as concerned with the adolescent's appearance or behavior as the adolescent is
106
Marci's Identity Status
Identity defusion- have not undergone identity crisis and are not committed to an identity
Identity foreclosure- strong commitment to identity was not outcome of identity crisis but was suggested by someone else
Identity moratorium- having identity crisis and is actively exploring different options and beliefs
Identity achievement- resolved identity crisis and is committed to a particular identity
107
Concordance rate for schizophrenia
Monozygotic twins= 50%
Dizygotic twins/siblings= 10-15%
General population= <1%
108
Bipolar Concordance
Monozygotic twins= 80%
| Dizygotic twins or siblings= 20-25%
109
Mild vs. major neurocognitive disorder
Mild= moderate cognitive decline; deficits do not interfere with independent functioning
Major= significant cognitive decline and deficits interfere with independent functioning
110
MDD with peripartum onset vs. baby blues
MDD= occurs in about 10-15% of new mothers
Postpartum/baby blues= 50-80% of new mothers
111
Schizophreniform vs. schizophrenia
Schizophreniform= 1-6 months
Schizophrenia= 6+ months
112
Flashbulb memories
highly inaccurate; involve memories of distinct, significant events that are usually traumatic in nature; vivid details
113
Procedural memories/implicit
Involves the recollection of skills, physical operations, and procedures that are remembered automatically without conscious awareness
114
Episodic memory/explicit
ability to remember autobiographical events
115
Source memory
refers to the ability to remember the source where information was learned
116
Prospective memory
remembering that one had planned to do something at a specific time
117
Semantic memory- explicit
memory for words and facts
118
2 types short term memory
Primary memory- holding tank for small amounts of info that do not require manipulation
Working memory- not only hold info, but manipulate it
119
Sensory memory
largely accurate, but short-lived (Seconds); involves transforming incoming data into visual (iconic) or auditory (echoic) images that can only be briefly remembered
120
Serial position effect
Delayed recall- remember items first on a list
Immediate recall- remember items first and lost on list
121
Theory of Schematic Memory
memory for events is structured according to mental schemas, which affect what information is selected to be remembered (remember robbery when eating at restaurant)
122
MMPI
K- guardedness- high score= faking good
F- infrequency; elevations= psychosis, significant distress or faking bad
123
Ipsative scores
provide info about the relative strengths and weaknesses of an individual without comparison to others
124
Elderly memory
problems with elderly are due more to retrieval than encoding
125
Forced distribution
comparative method of employee evaluation in which people are ranked to fit a given distribution; compares an employee to all other employees in a work group
126
Idioms of distress
culturally preferred ways of expressing distress
127
Apraxia
loss of ability to carry out learned/familiar movements; despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements
128
Agosia
inability to recognize familiar objects
129
Ataxia
problems with gait
130
Alogia
poverty of speech
131
Aphasia
loss of ability to understand/express speech
132
Cri-du-chat
cat's cry; noninherited condition caused by chromosomal deletion; mental retardation/delayed development; high-pitched cry
133
Multifinality vs. equifinality
Multifinality- phenomenon that similar initial conditions may result in different outcomes
Equifinality- opposite; different initial conditions lead to the same outcome
134
Immigrants and hospitalization
There are higher rates of psychiatric hospitalization for immigrants
Psychiatric problems peak between 1 year and 3 years after arrival into the new culture
135
Better prognosis for schizophrenia
Abrupt onset; late onset; fewer negative symptoms; and female gender
136
Quality control circles
Goal: to improve finished product and level of production
Method: increasing workers' responsibility for their work, as well as increasing their participation in decisions affecting the nature of the work; 7-10 employees from same department
137
Testing-of-limits
done when an evaluator wants to gain additional info about an examinee who is struggling subtests given again with steps to facilitate performance
138
Herzberg
motivation increases when upper level needs are met
Upper level needs- job enrichment, authority, freedom
Lower level needs- hygiene factors- result in dissatisfaction when they are not met; pay; but believed to increase satisfaction or motivation when they are met
139
Kinesics
body movements- facial expressions, gestures, physical contact
140
Proxemics
refer to the perception and use of personal space
141
Paralanguage
refers to vocal cues, such as loudness, pauses, rate of speech, silences, and inflections
142
Context dependent memory
easier to recall info int he same environment in which it was originally acquired
143
State dependent memory
tendency for people to remember material better if their state of mind matches that of when they learned it
144
Mood congruent memory
a similar mood acts as a retrieval cue for recall of past information
145
Types of long-term memory
Recent memory- aspect of long-term memory that lasts for up to 2 weeks
Remote memory- memory of information stored for 2 weeks or more
146
Social referencing
person's use of cues from another person to deal with affective uncertainty
147
Agranulocytosis
lethal side effect associated with Clozapine; a novel, sudden drop in granulocyte count, usually occurring within hours to 12 weeks; sore throat/fever
148
Hypertensive crisis
MAOIs + foods/drinks with tyramine= hypertensive crisis
headache, stiff neck, sweating, nausea, vomiting
149
Lithium toxicity
potentially fatal; mimics flu, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, ataxia, coma, seizures, confusion, increased heartbeat
150
2 types of conformity
Informational conformity- using other's behavior as a source of accurate info in order to avoid mistakes, particularly when individual is unsure of accuracy; want to be correct (lines example)
Normative conformity- conformity that occurs in order to be liked/accepted (applause example)
151
Covert sensitization/aversive counterconditioning
Pairing an aversive CS with pleasurable CS
152
Irreversibility
inability to understand that actions can be reversed
153
Centration
tendency to focus on one detail of situation to neglect of other important features
154
Egocentric thinking
child's inability to take the physical perspective of the other person
155
Constructivism
a person develops new knowledge based on a foundation of previous learning, and by interacting with objects and events in the environment; emphasis on student instead of teacher
156
Taylor Russell Tables
book of tables that is used to determine the amount of improvement that occurs when a predictor test is used in making selection/hiring decisions without the test. Uses data on selection ratio, base rate, and criterion-related validity of the predictor test
157
Schacter's Two Factor Theory of Emotion
after perceiving an event, we initially have a physical or autonomic reaction; then cognitively appraise situation, and then experience emotions
158
James Lange Theory
one first has an autonomic or physiological reaction, and then an interpretation of the physiological reaction, which becomes the emotional reaction
Physiological changes cause emotions
159
Canon-Bard Theory of Emotions
upon perceiving an event, we experience a physiological reaction and an emotional reaction at the same time. When an event is encountered, messages are sent simultaneously to the hypothalamus and limbic system
160
Vroom and Yetton's Normative Model
five styles of leader behavior that can be placed on a continuum, ranging from autocratic to complete participation. The most effective style of leadership in any given situation depends upon the importance of the decision, the time needed to reach the decision, and the extent to which the decision is accepted by the employees.
161
House's Path-Goal Theory
deals with the ways in which leaders can help employees achieve their goals, using one of four styles: directive leadership, supportive leadership, participative leadership, and achievement-oriented leadership. The most effective leadership style is dependent on the subordinates and the situation
162
Fiedler's Contingency Theory
the effectiveness of the style of leadership is based on the type of leader and the nature of the situation. A leader is classified as either task or relationship oriented. A task oriented leader is most effective in highly favorable or highly unfavorable situations. A relationship-oriented leader is most effective in moderately favorable situations .
163
Graen's Leader-Member Exchange Theory
focuses on the impact of the leader-subordinate relationship on the leadership process. In this theory, employees are classified as in-group (those who are viewed as competent and motivated) and out-group (considered incompetent and unmotivated). Leadership style is classified as supervisory, which is based on formal authority, and leadership in which the leader exerts influence through persuasion. Leaders use the leadership approach with in-group subordinates and use the supervisory approach with out-group employees
164
Word association
involves forming words or sentences with the first letter of the items being memorized (Acronyms) or making up stories that connect the items together
165
Method of loci
involves first forming a mental image of a walk through a certain physical location, such as a house. The person then forms a visual image of the words on a list, putting each in a specific place as he or she mentally walks through the house.
166
Pegword system
involves first memorizing a set of ten visual images that can later by pegs on which to hang ideas. Then the person associates each image with what is to be remembered.
167
Substitute word technique
person breaks down the word to be remembered into parts, and substitutes words that are more familiar and can be visualized.
168
Minority marginalization
A person who neither associates with persons from his or her own culture nor with persons from the majority culture
169
Banding
process whereby a range of scores obtained by numerous applicants on a test is essentially considered to be the same score.
170
Social Exchange Theory
people are concerned with the costs and benefits of being in a relationship. When costs outweigh rewards, social attraction declines
171
Similarity hypothesis
people similar in social background and values tend to form intimate relationships
172
Reciprocity theory
people tend to like others who like them
173
Matching hypothesis
people of approximately equal physical attractiveness are likely to select each other
174
Confirmation bias
tendency to only look at confirmatory evidence while ignoring contradictory evidence
175
Congruence bias
only directly tests a hypothesis; does not indirectly test hypothesis
176
Selection bias
threat to internal validity that occurs when subjects are not randomly assigned to treatment groups
177
MANOVA vs. ANOVA
MANOVA can and should be run when there is more than one dependent variable in a research study
ANOVA can accommodate more than one independent variable
178
False belief task
develops at age 4; child understands that other people can have false beliefs about the world than she has (ball red/blue boxes)
179
Yerkes-Dodson Law
while a moderate level of arousal or anxiety is optimal for task performance, high and low levels of arousal can decrease performance
180
Disjunctive task
final product is the performance of the best member of the group
181
Conjunctive task
the group's accomplishment is limited by the least effective member's performance
182
Additive task
group member's separate performances are added to produce a combined effect
183
Kuder Richardson
measure of test reliability; internal consistency derived by analyzing all possible split-halves
184
EEG recording
best way to localize source of seizure
185
MRI
good at looking at soft tissue such as a brain matter, brain structure, degree of pathology
186
PET scans
provide information on brain functioning using dyes that link up with brain chemicals such as glucose
187
Deep Dyslexia
involves semantic errors; mistakenly reads a given word as one with similar meaning
188
Surface dyslexia
person cannot recognize words, and instead, sounds them out
189
Redintegration
type of remembering that occurs when something (e.g. a smell) unlocks a rapid chain of memories
190
Akathisia
the most common side effect of antipsychotic medications, refers to feelings of dysphoria and internal sense of restlessness
191
Akinesia
apathy and decrease in voluntary movements
192
Power (significant results)
greater chance of power when sample size is large, one tailed test is used, and the alpha is high
193
Beta error
the failure to find group differences when group differences actually exist; higher beta= less likely to find power
194
Social inhibition
refers to inhibition (or worsening) of performance, when a novel or complex task is performed in a group
195
Social dilemmas
participants are rewarded in the short run for competing rather than cooperating, even though all participant would benefit more in the long run by consistently cooperating
196
Diathesis stress model
mental illness results from a combination of nature and nurture ; used to explain schizophrenia
197
Health Belief Model
asserts that people's beliefs about their own health are an important determinant of how they engage in health-related behaviors
198
Stereotypic movement disorder
characterized by motor behavior that is repetitive and nonfunctional; diagnosis only made if repetitive behaviors cannot be accounted for by another diagnosis, such as OCD or a tic disorder
199
Sandra Bem's Gender Schema Theory
gender roles are predominately determined by culture and social learning; altered over time by experience
200
Post-concussion syndrome
characterized by somatic and psychological symptoms: irritability, fatigue, headache, and dizziness
201
Melanie Klein
Object relations theorist; treatment focus is on recognizing and modifying the impact of problematic early object-relationships
202
Neo-Freudians (Sullivan/Horney)
view psychological disturbance as the result of faulty learning and as consisting of a characterologically maladaptive style of interacting with the environment; focus on both social and cultural factors
203
Adlerian Therapy
deals with faulty life-styles that involve a struggle for power as a means of compensating for feelings of inferiority
204
Ego psychology (Anna Freud, Heinz Hartmann)
focus on capacities for integration and adaptation
205
Alloplastic vs. autoplastic reactions
Alloplastic reactions- trying to change the external environment or blaming the external environment
Autoplastic reactions- trying to change oneself or blaming oneself
206
Wernicke's encephalopathy
brain disorder that develops suddenly and involves three sets of symptoms: eye problems, gait and balance problems, and drowsiness and confusion; results from a deficiency in thiamine, with the most common cause being chronic alcohol use
207
Autocorrelation
when the same subject is measured repeatedly, the measures demonstrate a high degree of correlation
208
Decalage
unevenness in development in any area, but it is most commonly applied to cognitive, emotional, and moral development
209
Tonic-clonic seizure- grand mal
episodes of convulsions, unconsciousness and muscle rigidity
person falls into deep sleep
210
Generalized absence seizure- petit mal
involve very brief loss of consciousness with few/no other symptoms; no deep sleep
211
Complex partial seizures- temporal lobe seizures
complex= impact consciousness
involuntary chewing, lip smacking, fidgeting, walking in circles
212
Simple partial seizures
Jacksonian seizures; no loss of consciousness; affect only one side
213
Utility analysis
quantitative research method that measures the effectiveness of an intervention in the workplace in terms of the dollar value of the benefits generated; dollar value based on the improvement in worker productivity
214
Factitious disorder
characterized by intentional feigning of physical or psychological symptoms, or by creation of injury or disease
215
Lazarus's theory of cognitive appraisal
primary appraisal- a situation is initially judged as being positive, stressful, or irrelevant to personal well-being
secondary appraisal- an evaluation of the resources the individual has available to cope with the situation
person experiences stress when he believes he lacks the resources to deal with difficult events
216
Reactance
occurs when people feel pressured by a message and increase their resistance to persuasion
217
Chronic otitis media
chronic middle ear infections; demonstrate long-term deficits in language capacities, such as vocabulary
218
Type of drug used to treat chronic pain
Anti-depressants
219
Retrograde inhibition/interference
occurs when newly learned information interferes with the recall of previously learned information
220
Proactive interference
occurs when previously learned material interferes with the recall of newly learned information
221
Implosive therapy
involves exposure in imagination only and includes the exploration of psychosexual themes
222
Teratogen
any agent that can cause birth defects (medications, viruses, radiation)
embryo most vulnerable to teratogenic agents during first 8 weeks
223
Basal ganglia
involved in initiation of movement
224
Primary reinforcer
reinforcers that reinforce everyone at all ages and in all cultures (e.g. food)
225
Generalized conditioned reinforcers
money/tokens; take on reinforcing value by providing access to other reinforcers
226
Secondary reinforcer
acquires reinforcing value only through experience
227
Neuroleptics
antipsychotics; best treatment for elderly patients with paranoia
228
Interval recording
used when a behavior has no clear beginning, middle, or end
229
Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE-2)
brief screening instrument for cognitive impairment
230
Handedness
preference first expresses itself at age 2; firmly established by age 7 to 8
231
Long-term potentiation
process by which short-term memories become long-term memories
232
Premack Principle
A frequently performed behavior is used to reinforce an infrequently performed target behavior (
233
Barnum Effect
people's tendency to agree that vague descriptions apply to them (e.g horoscopes)
234
Acetylcholine Disorder
Alzheimer's
235
Dopamine Disorder
Schizoprehnia and Parkinson's Disease
236
Serotonin
Mood disorders
237
Thorndike Law of Effect
proposes that people repeat behavior that have positive consequences
238
Tolman
latent learning
239
DNA and RNA have an effect on
memory
240
Marlatt's approach to treatment of substance use
sees relapse as a natural part of recovery that can be minimized but not avoided
241
Sleeper effect
The tendency to remember a message, but over time, but forget the source of the message. May eventually adopt an attitude/belief that was originally communicated to them by a low-credible source
242
Balance theory
based on the principle of cognitive consistency; proposes that having inconsistent attitudes produces a state of discomfort that leads to attitude change
243
Elaboration likelihood model
a model of attitude change; proposes two routes of persuasion: central and peripheral routes- which differ in terms of the degree to which a persuasive message is elaborated (processed) by the recipient
244
Contingency management
identifying and applying punishments for undesirable behaviors and identifying and applying reinforcement for desirable ones
245
Four stages of neural development
Proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination
246
Glasgow Coma Scale
used to quantify a patient's level of consciousness following a traumatic brain injury and entails assigning scores for three functions- eye response, verbal response, and motor response
247
interoceptive exposure
exposure to bodily sensations associated with anxiety reactions
