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Test Questions Flashcards

1
Q

The following enzymes can be used to dissociate Chorionic villus samples (cvs) except for:

A

RNAse(correct)
Collagenase
Trypsin
Protease

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2
Q

All of the following have buffering capability except:

A

Sodium bicarbonate
L-glutamine(correct)
Hepes
FCS

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3
Q

What type of media is necessary for the culture of fragile x cases?

A

Media with extra FCS
Folic acid-deficient media(correct)
Complete media
Lysine-rich media

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4
Q

The most important reason why biological safety cabinets are used instead of horizontal laminar flow hoods in the handling of human tissues is

A

To provide a clean working area
To prevent contamination of the specimen
To protect the technologist who is processing the specimen(correct)
To prevent cross-contamination between two different cell lines

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5
Q

In which of the following situations would one suspect bacterial contamination?

A

The culture media is red-orange
The culture had a dark mass floating on the surface of the media
The culture media is turbid in appearance(correct)
The ph of the media is 7.2

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6
Q

Which of the following can be used for serial culture from amniotic fluid?

A

Erythrocyte
Lymphocyte
Epithelial cells
Fibroblast(correct)

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7
Q

Which of the following chemicals is used for cryopreservation?

A

Methanol
Ethyl alcohol
Dimethyl sulfoxide DMSO(correct)
Sodium hypochlorite

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8
Q

Adding the drug Colcemid to cell cultures can cause all except:

A

Chromosome condensation
Increase in the number of metaphases
Cell swelling( correct)
depolymerization of the spindle apparatus

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9
Q

Which of the following is not a necessary ingredient which is added to modified media

A

L-glutamine
Vitamins
Antibiotics (correct)
Buffer

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10
Q

During slidemaking all of the following factors are important except for:

A

Drying rate(evaporation)
Quality of the glass slides
Slides are first dipped in water
Slides are first dipped in acetic acid(correct)

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11
Q

A good bonding pattern will be expected when we observe chromosomes before banding under the phase scope with the following appearance:

A

Dark(correct)
Pale
Shiny
Separated chromatids

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12
Q

Which of the following factors are not important for chromosome spreading?

A

Hypotonic treatment time
Dropping the cell from an increased height
Cell suspension concentration
Mitotic index(correct)

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13
Q

If short chromosomes result after harvesting, what change may alleviate this condition for the next harvest?

A

Increase concentration on methanol in fixative
Decrease exposure to hypo
Decrease concentration of colcemid(correct)
Increase concentration of colcemid

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14
Q

Which of the following apply to mitotic arrestants?

A

Result in depolymerization of the mitotic spindle
Colchicine
Colcemid
All of the above(+)

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15
Q

Which of the following apply to hypo solutions?

A

Are responsible for lysing rbc
Cause cells to swell
0.075 M KCL
All of the above(+)

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16
Q

Which statements regarding the cvs procedure are true?

A

It was introduced in 1968
It involves removal of a sample of placental tissue by transcervical aspiration with a thin plastic catheter
It involves removal of a sample of placental tissue by trans abdominal aspiration with a 20 gauge needle
All of the above(+)
B and C

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17
Q

What prenatal test can be done with the highest accuracy and as early in the pregnancy as possible?

A

Percutaneous umbilical cord blood
CVS(+)
Amniocentesis
Maternal serum triple screening

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18
Q

Which of the following has the lowest toxicity to exposed cells?

A

Sodium heparin(+)
Lithium heparin
Sodium hydroxide
Gentamicin

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19
Q

A pathologist is sending solid tumor specimens to a lab for analysis. What instructions should be given to the pathologist concerning the preparation and transport of the specimen to ensure the highest chance of successful culture?

A

Ensure the sterility of the specimen by placing it in formalin until it reaches the lab
Ensure that the specimen does not contain necrotic or fatty tissue(+)
Ensure that the specimen is transported on dry ice to prevent decomposition
All of the above

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20
Q

It is possible for the collecting syringe used in amniocentesis to be toxic to the amniotic cells

A

True(+)

False

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21
Q

A solid tumor specimen cannot be shipped from the hospital to a lab in another city due to a major holiday. How should the sample be stored so that the cells will remain alive until they can be delivered and placed in culture?

A

The specimen should be preserved by placing it in formalin until it reaches the lab
The specimen should be placed in media and then in a 37C incubator until it can be shipped
The specimen should be stored at -20C or on dry ice to prevent cellular decay
The specimen should be placed in media and then refrigerated until it can be shipped(+)

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22
Q

Blood is received for cytogenetic analysis in a busy clinical laboratory. It will be several hours before a cytogenetic technologist will be able to do the set-up procedure. How should this blood be stored during the interim period?

A

The blood should be stored at room temp(+)
The blood should be stored on ice
The blood should be stored in the freezer at 0C
All of the above

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23
Q

What is optimal temp for transport of amniotic fluid specimens?

A

37C
40C
0C
20C(+)

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24
Q

All of the following will result in culture failure except:

A

Transport at room temp(+)
Sample shipped on ice
Specimen exposed to 40C
Improper sterile techniques used

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25
When amniotic fluid specimens are collected for culture, which of the following are safeguards against culture failure?
Samples are collected in one syringe The first 5cc of fluid are discarded Two cultures are set up with two different types of media(+) T12 1/2 flasks are used
26
Of the tissue types selected from abortus specimens, the one that exhibits the best growth rate is:
Fetal skin Spleen Chorionic villi(+) Umbilical cord
27
The type of cell analyzed with the CVS direct preparation is:
Yolk sac endoderm Cytotrophoblast(+) Mesenchymal stroma Syncytiotrophoblast
28
When analyzing lymphomas for cytogenetics, lymph node biopsies are the tissue of choice
True(+) | False
29
Determining the wbc in bone marrow is important because:
Patients who have a low wbc have a worse prognosis It is important to ensure that all cultures have the same number of dividing cells It is important to maintain uniform culture conditions, and cell concentration varies greatly from sample to sample(+) BM cells will not grow in culture unless the cell density is at least one million cells per ml
30
What is the recommended final cell concentration of cells for BM cultures for chromosome studies?
1mln cells per ml of media(+) 2-3 —//— 3-4 —//— 5 —//—
31
Solid tumor culture failure can be caused by which of the following?
Specimen contamination Specimen necrosis Growth of normal fibroblast cells All of the above(+)
32
When a clotted BM specimen comes into the lab, the technologist should:
Request a new specimen Discard the specimen Place the specimen in a warm waterbath and attempt to break up clot(+) Set up the clotted BM as usual
33
Peripheral blood G-band karyotype analysis is requested for all the following except:
Multiple malformations seen in a newborn Single malformation seen in a newborn(+)?corr Mental retardation of unknown etiology(+)? Multiple miscarriages
34
Which of the following is not an indication for routine peripheral blood chromosome analysis?
Advanced maternal age(+) To determine whether a chromosomal abnormality is constitutional or acquired in cancer patients To study chromosome damage due to environmental exposure to chemicals, drugs, radiation Multiple congenital anomalies with mental retardation
35
Failure rates for cytogenetic analysis of BM specimens can be influenced by:
``` Recent treatment of the patient The specific disease Amount of specimen Time between collection of specimen and set up of culture All of the above(+) ```
36
Which of the following samples would you assign the highest priority?
A peripheral blood sample from a 24 yo woman who has had three miscarriages and one normal child Amniotic fluid from a 36 yo woman who is 18 wks pregnant A body who is in the ICU with multiple malformations(+) A13 yo child with ambiguous genitalia, moderate mental retardation and developmental delay
37
Which of the following situations would be the most likely to benefit from high resolution banding?
Detecting a complete deletion of the short arm of chromosome 10 Detecting an i(8q) Detecting the extra Y in a 47,XXY case Detecting a microdeletion on chromosome 15q(+)
38
2 ml of 20x10^6 cells/ml BM was received. How many 10 ml cultures of 1x10^6 cells/ml can be set up?
1 2 3 4(+)
39
A tissue sample has been received in isotonic solution after being in transit for 3 days. What should you do first?
Set up the sample immediately Rinse in transport media with antibiotics(+) Reject the sample, since it has been in transit for too long time Rinse in fresh isotonic solution
40
Which of the following is most likely to result in culture failure?
Collection in a non-sterile container Fungal contamination Collection of sample in EDTA(+) Receiving sample after 2 days
41
When dropping slides, the majority of chromosomes appear to be short. This can result from which of the following?
A long exposure to Colcemid(+) A short exposure to Colcemid A short exposure to hypo Improper fixation
42
If short chromosomes result after harvesting, what change may alleviate this condition for the next harvest?
Increase concentration of methanol in fix Decrease exposure to hypo Decrease concentration of colcemid (+) Increase concentration of colcemid
43
After what period of time do PHA peripheral blood lymphocytes reach their first division?
12 hrs 24 hrs 36 hrs 48 hrs(+)
44
Which of the following is information that is important to consider when freezing cells?
Age of the culture Concentration of cells(+) Cell type Media used
45
24 BM and 72 BM LPS cultures will be set up on a new CLL with 50*10^6WBC
True(+) | False
46
Which of the following may cause cell death?
5%CO2 atmosphere A 24 hr delay in culturing A ph of 7.2 Incubation at temperature of 40C(+)
47
For optimal cell growth, which of the following ph will provide that?
6. 8-7.0 7. 0-7.2 7. 2-7.4(+) 7. 4-7.6
48
Which of the following tissues grows most slowly in culture?
Fetal tissue Skin(+) Gonad Amniotic fluid cells
49
Which of the following media supplements is optional for long-term cultures?
L-glutamine Antibiotics antifungicides(+) Growth factors Fetal calf serum
50
Which of the following best describes a media that has a low serum level?
Defined Maintenance(+) Growth Complete
51
The statements below refer to culturing methods. Which statement is False?
The preferred mode for cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors is long-term culture(+) The success rate of cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors is less than that of leukemias currently. Culture of epithelial tumors is more difficult than other types of tumors A Biosafety cabinet is required for tissue culture
52
Regarding the following statements, which is False?
Epithelial cells cannot be morphologically distinguished from mesenchymal cells in culture when viewed under an inverted phase contrast microscope(+) Contamination with normal fibroblasts can give an erroneous result Different media are used in the culture of different tumor types All of the above
53
Harvest of a 14-day-old amniotic fluid culture results in many cells, but few mitoses. The most likely cause of the low mitotic rate is:
Senility of the culture Chromosome abnormality Maternal age Contact inhibition due to high cell confluence(+)
54
The culture method used to obtain chromosome preparations from amniotic fluid is considered:
Short term culture(+) Intermediate term culture Long term Non of the above
55
The fixative step of cell harvesting does not:
Kill the cell by fixing the cell membrane Remove water from the cells Extract nuclear histones Disperse the chromosomes (+)
56
Which of the following is not a mitotic inhibitor
Colcemid Vinblastine Ethidium bromide(+) Colchicine
57
Carnoy’s fixative is the standard fixative used in chromosome harvesting procedures. Which of the following is a description of this solution?
3(glacial acetic acid):1(methanol) 1(glacial acetic acid):2(methanol) 2(glacial acetic acid):1(methanol) 1(glacial acetic acid):3(methanol)(+)
58
If the metaphase portion of the cell cycle is 15 min and a cytogeneticist chooses to treat a peripheral blood specimen with Colcemid for 45 min, what is the increase in mitotic cells, which will be observed after the harvest procedure is completed?
100% 200% 300%(+) 400%
59
What is the concentration of KCL most often used for harvesting?
0. 04 M 0. 06 M 0. 075 M(+) 0. 75M
60
How many grams of KCL is added to 1000 ml of double deionized water to make 0.075M KCL (m.w=74.4)?
5. 58g(+) 2. 79g 4. 79g 7. 5g
61
Mitotic arrestants prevent cells from entering:
S phase Prophase Anaphase(+) Telophase
62
A technologist is having a problem with cytoplasm remaining around the cells. Two extra fixative steps have been added, but the problem persists and the cell pellet is white and fluffy in appearance. What else can this technologist do to alleviate this problem?
Manipulate the drying time(+) Decrease the methanol concentration Wash 2 more times with fix Drop the cell suspension onto the slide from a lesser height
63
Which of the following factors concerning hypo solutions do not affect chromosome spreading
Concentration of the hypo solution Temperature of the hypo solution Time period cells are exposed to the hypo Number of washes with hypo(+)
64
Disadvantages of the direct harvest method as opposed to harvesting cultured cells for CVS analysis are:
Poor quality chromosomes and increased pseudomosaicism(+) Increased incidence of maternal cell contamination Requires fluorescent marker studies Increased pseudomosaicism
65
Cytogenetic studies have been requested for a patient with a diagnosis of questionable leukemia. This patient has a low white count, circulating blasts, and has received chemotherapy and a blood transfusion. Which of the following procedures is least likely to be informative?
Direct harvest of BM Unstimulated culture of peripheral blood lymphocytes PHA stimulated blood culture(+) Unstimulated culture of washed blood cells
66
PHA is a common additive to blood cultures. What category of additive is it?
A mitogen(+) An anticoagulant Growth serum Arresting solution
67
On Monday morning the tech noticed widespread cell death in incubator A. He checked the environment and conditions of the cultures. What condition would likely be the cause of the cell death?
5% CO2 atmosphere 40C incubator temperature(+) Ph of 7.3 All conditions would cause cell death
68
The following are indicators for amniocentesis except for:
Maternal age Parental chromosome abnormality A family history of an X-linked disorder A family history of an autosomal recessive disorder(+)
69
How long do you wait before requesting an amniotic fluid if no cell attachment is observed?
3days 10days(+) 21days 28days
70
Which media component is unstable?
serum L-glutamine(+) antibiotics amino acids
71
What is the purpose of establishing a PHA-stimulated blood culture for a leukemia patient?
To check for circulating immature cells in the peripheral blood. To see if an abnormality is constitutional rather than acquired(+) To look for early rearrangements which may have predisposed this individual to develop cancer. To study leukemic cells of T-cell origin
72
What is the purpose of establishing an unstimulated blood culture for a leukemia patient?
To check for circulating immature cells in the peripheral blood(+) To see if an abnormality is constitutional rather than acquired. To look for early rearrangements which may have predisposed this individual to develop cancer all of the above
73
PHA will affect which of the following types of cells?
B-cells Platelets T-cells(+) Phagocytes
74
This type of culture has a decreased turn around time and allows easier distinction between mosaicism and pseudomosaicism
Primary amniotic fluid cell culture In situ-amniotic fluid culture(+) Flask-amniotic fluid culture Short term amniotic fluid culture
75
The lab supervisor detected contamination in a 5 day old in situ amniotic fluid culture. This was one of four cultures set-up on this patient. What would be the best course of action in this situation?
Increase antibiotic concentration Refeed the culture Transfer the specimen to another culture vessel Harvest immediately(+)
76
How would a technologist know when to harvest an in situ amniotic fluid culture?
By the number of days in culture Within 12 hours of subculture The number of colonies present(+) Two of these
77
The major difference between the in situ and flask methods lies in the harvest technique.
True (+) | False
78
Monday morning around 2:30, Incubator A ran out of carbon dioxide. What change in the cultures, if any would you expect for the technologists to find at 8:00 am Monday.
About the same pH A lower pH A higher pH(+) A moderate pH
79
Culture reagents and chemicals may be used without adverse effects after they have expired
True | False(+)
80
Amniotic fluid cultures are generally started in a medium with what percentage of serum.
5% 10%(+) 15% 20%
81
PHA
Stimulates the large lymphocytes Transforms polymorphonuclear leukocytes Causes decrease in RNA activity Causes peak in DNA synthesis at 72 hours(+) Is needed throughout cell cycle to produce sufficient metaphases
82
PHA
``` Swells cells Removes water from cells Stimulates mitotic activity(+) Precipitates nucleic acid Prevents clotting ```
83
In short term culture the following is/are true:
Incubation in a CO2 atmosphere is essential. Most commercially prepared media is suitable(+) Plasticware is never toxic to cells. All of the above.
84
"Starring-in" is a method of
``` Obtaining the specimen from the patient Mincing the tissue Immobilizing the tissue in the culture vessel(+) Fixing the cells Preparing the slides ```
85
A change of 1 pH unit in culture medium is caused by a ________ change in CO2 concentration.
``` 10-fold(+) 25-fold 50-fold 100-fold 1000-fold ```
86
Five percent CO2 results in a pH of
6. 5 6. 8 7. 0 7. 4(+) 7. 8
87
What is the most commonly used growth supplement for culture medium?
Insulin Transferrin L-glutamine Fetal bovine serum(+)
88
When subculturing a long-term cell line, a technician finds the cells are not easily removed by their trypsin solution. What can be added to the trypsin to increase its effectiveness in removing the cells from the flask?
Serum Calcium and magnesium EDTA(+) L-glutamine
89
Which of the following microorganisms can adversely effect long-term cultures?
Mycoplasma Bacteria Fungus All of the above(+)
90
Which of the following is NOT an advantage of tissue culture (in vitro) studies over patient studies (in vivo)?
Less expensive More ethical Possibility of contamination(+) Can directly target cells with test agent
91
What microscope is used to view living monolayer cell cultures?
Brightfield microscope Fluorescent microscope Stereomicroscope Inverted phase microscope(+)
92
Unstimulated blood cultures grow out of what type of cells?
Segmented neutrophils Lymphocytes Blast forms(+) Monocytes
93
Stimulated blood cultures grow out what type of cells?
Basophils Lymphocytes(+) Immature forms
94
What is NOT a principle behind the culturing of solid tumors?
Culturing of living cells provides better morphology chromosomes for analysis than chromosomes obtained by direct harvest. To generate an expandable cell population which may be used for sequential and long-term experimentation. To determine which chromosomal rearrangements are due to in vitro artifacts vs. those which represent the true in vivo condition.(+) None of the above are principles behind the culturing of solid tumors.
95
Collagenase is used in the analysis of solid tumors to:
Dissociate cells(+) To supplement culture media To prevent mycoplasma contamination To subculture the monolayer cultures.
96
The inverted microscope is essential in the monitoring of cell cultures by allowing the technologist to visualize all but which of the following cellular features?
Cellular confluency Chromosomal abnormalities(+) Mitotic cells Cellular attachment
97
The next day after a solid tumor specimen has been set up in culture the tissue culturist notices that the culture medium has turned a bright yellow color. When the flask is observed under the inverted microscope, a large number of small dot shaped structures are observed. What is the most likely cause of this pH change and the appearance of these structures?
The specimen was received from the necrotic center of the tumor. The specimen was not collected under sterile conditions.(+) The specimen was not grown in the appropriate media. The specimen was not transported at the appropriate temperature.
98
Which of the following is not an effect of fixation?
Remove water from the cells A short exposure to Colcemid(+) A short exposure to hypotonic Improper fixation
99
Upon what cell structure does Colchicine have its effect?
Centrioles Spindle fibers(+) Centromeres Chromosomes
100
This chemical is more toxic than its more recent synthetic counterpart.
Thymidine KCL Colchicine(+) Ethidium bromide
101
This chemical is used to synchronize cells.
Thymidine(+) KCL Colchicine Ethidium bromide
102
Which of the following is not a mitotic stimulant?
PHA Citrate(+) Pokeweed LPS
103
Carnoy's fixative:
Swells cells Stops hypotonic action(+) Stimulates mitotic activity Prevents clogging
104
Which of the following chemicals is NOT an intercalating agent?
Actinomycin D Ethidium bromide Methotrexate (Amethopterin)(+) Quinacrine dihydrochloride
105
This cell cycle blocking agent causes cells to be arrested in the S-phase of the cell cycle through the inhibition of dihydrofolate reductase.
Methotrexate (Amethopterin)(+) 5-Bromodeoxyuridine Ethidium bromide Bleomycin
106
This chemical is a thymidine analog that replaces thymidine easily in mammalian cells.
5-Fluorodeoxyuridine Adenine 5-Bromodeoxyuridine(+) Hoechst 33258
107
Which of the following environmental factors can have an impact on drying time and therefore impact chromosome spreading during slide making?
Temperature Humidity Air currents All of the above(+)
108
A new hypotonic solution causes overspreading of chromosomes. What technique can be used to prevent the overspreading?
Drop cells on a wet slide. Increase the height from which cells are dropped. Decrease the cell concentration Reduce the drying time(+)
109
The hypotonic treatment of cells during the harvesting procedure is used to:
Remove water from the cells Disperse the chromosomes(+) Enhance chromosome morphology Remove the H1 fraction of histones
110
All of the following may be used for a hypotonic during the harvest procedure EXCEPT:
Methanol(+) Sodium citrate Water Potassium chloride
111
You have 2 ml of peripheral blood. What sort of cultures should you set-up with this blood?
One 24 hour culture One 24 hour and one 48 hour culture Two 72 hour cultures(+) One 120 hour culture
112
The cell cycle can be blocked by using which of the following:
Ethidium bromide Excess thymidine(+) BrdU Mitomycin-C
113
All will result in reduced mitotic index, EXCEPT:
Not adding PHA-m to culture media before culturing Adding twice the amount of Colcemid(+) Allowing chromosomes to overspread on the slides Treated with hypnotic solution for too long time
114
A culture that was left in the incubator has turned yellow. What is most likely the cause of this?
Increase in temperature Decrease in temperature Increase in pH Decrease in pH(+)
115
A tumor in saline arrives in the lab, what do you do?
Add more saline to the tumor Rinse tumor in culture media and antibiotics(+) Harvest tumor immediately Reject the specimen since the tumor should be transported in transfer media
116
What is the best time to freeze cells for long term storage?
10% confluent log phase 20% confluent log phase 80% confluent log phase(+) 100% confluent log phase
117
What happens to the enzymatic activity of trypsin as pH increases to 8?
The enzymatic activity stays the same The enzymatic activity decreases The enzymatic activity increases(+) The enzymatic activity stops
118
Which of following does not have buffer capabilities?
L-Glutamine(+) Hepes Na2HPO4 NaHCO3
119
Which has the highest chance of Maternal Cell contamination?
Peripheral blood Amniocentesis Unidentified POC(+) PUBS
120
What do you add in order to detect SCE?
Ethidium bromide Thymidine MTX Brdu(+)
121
Media in the incubator has turned magenta and cell death has occurred. Most likely the:
Temperature was too high Temperature was too low CO2 was too low(+) CO2 was too high
122
You have just received fetal and placental tissue suspected of fungal contamination. How do you culture this sample?
Fetal tissue w/ Kanomycin Fetal tissue w/ Nystatin(+) Placental Tissue w/ Mycostatin Placental Tissue w/ Streptomycin

Cytogenetics (13 decks)

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