Test Tres Flashcards
(182 cards)
0
Q
What are individual personal factors employees bring to the work place?
A
Personality
Ability
Emotions
Attitudes
1
Q
What is motivation?
A
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior
2
Q
What are contextual factors from organizational culture that influence motivation?
A
Organizational culture
Cross-cultural values
Physical environment
3
Q
What is extrinsic reward?
A
Payoff a person receives from others for performing a particular task
4
Q
What is intrinsic reward?
A
Satisfaction a person receives from performing the particular task itself
5
Q
What things do you want to motivate people to do?
A
Join organization Stay with org Show up for work at org Be engaged while at work Do extra for your org
6
Q
What are content perspectives?
A
Theories that emphasize the needs that motivate people
7
Q
What are needs?
A
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior
8
Q
What are maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
A
Physiological Safety Love Esteem Self-actualization
9
Q
What is the acquired needs theory?
A
States that the three needs, achievement, affiliation, and power, are major motives in determining people’s behavior
10
Q
What is the need for achievement?
A
Desire to achieve excellence in challenging tasks
11
Q
What is need for affiliation?
A
Desire for friendly mad warm relations with other people
12
Q
What is need for power?
A
Desire to be responsible for or control other people
14
Q
What is the two factor theory?
A
Proposed that work satisfaction and dissatisfaction arose from two different factors- work satisfaction from so-called motivating factors and work dissatisfaction from so-called hygiene factors
14
Q
What is the equity theory?
A
Focus on employee perceptions as to how fairly they think they are being treated in relation to others
15
Q
What are hygiene motivating factors?
A
Factors associated with job dissatisfaction which affect that job context in which people work
16
Q
What is expectancy?
A
Belief that a particular level of effort will result in a level of performance
17
Q
What is instrumentality?
A
Expectations that successful performances of the task will lead to the desired outcome
19
Q
What is valence?
A
The value a worker assigns to the outcome
20
Q
What are the different generations?
A
Generation Z ? Millennials (Gen Y) (1977-1994) Gen Xers (1965-1976) Baby Boomers (1946-1964) Traditionalists (1927-1945)
21
Q
What are different techniques for managing millennials?
A
Allow them independent decision making & expression
Train them & mentor them
Give them constant feedback & recognition
Provide them with access to technology
Create customized career paths
22
Q
What is personality?
A
the stable psychological traits and behavioral attributes that give a person his or her identity
23
Q
What is extroversion?
A
how outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive a person is
24
Q
What is agreeableness?
A
how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is
25
What is conscientiousness?
how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent one is
26
What is emotionally stability?
how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is
27
What is openness to experience?
how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded one is
28
What is the connection between extroversion and managers?
Often successful
29
What is the connection with conscientiousness?
Positive correlation between job performance and training performance
30
What is a proactive personality?
someone who is more apt to take initiative and persevere to influence the environment
31
What is locus of control?
indicates how much people believe they control their fate through their own efforts
internal, external
32
What is important about the different locus of controls?
Expect different degrees of structure and compliance for each type
Employ different reward systems for each type
33
What is self-efficacy?
belief in one’s ability to do a task
| learned helplessness
34
What is self-esteem?
the extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self-evaluation
35
What is self-monitoring?
the extent to which people are able to observe their own behavior and adapt it to external situations
36
What is emotional intelligence?
ability to cope, empathize with others, and be self-motivated
37
What are the five important traits in organizations?
Self-monitoring, emotional intelligence, locus of control, self-efficacy, self-esteem
38
What are the traits of emotional intelligence?
self-awareness, self-management, social awareness, relationship management
39
What is organizational behavior?
tries to help managers not only explain workplace behavior but also to predict it, so that they can better lead and motivate their employees to perform productively
individual, group behavior
40
What are values?
abstract ideals that guide one’s thinking and behavior across all situations
41
What is attitude?
a learned predisposition toward a given object
42
What is affective?
consists of feelings or emotions one has about a situation
43
What is cognitive?
beliefs and knowledge one has about a situation
44
What is behavioral?
refers to how one intends or expects to behave toward a situation
45
What is cognitive dissonance?
the psychological discomfort a person experiences between his or her cognitive attitude and incompatible behavior
Importance, control, rewards
46
What are ways to reduce cognitive dissonance?
Change attitude or behavior
Belittle importance of the inconsistent behavior
Find consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones
47
What is perception?
Process of interpreting and understanding one's enviornment
48
What are the four steps in the perceptual process?
1. Selective attention
Did I notice something
2. Interpretation and evaluation
What was it I noticed and what does it mean
3. Storing in memory
Remember it as an event, concept, person, or all there?
4. Retrieving from memory to make judgments and decisions
What do I recall about that?
49
What is stereotyping?
Tendency to attribute to an individual that characteristics one believes are typical of the group to which that individual belongs
50
What is the halo effect?
Forming an impression of an individual based on a single trait
51
What is recency effect?
Tendency to remember recent information better than earlier information
52
What are casual attributions?
Activity of inferring causes for observed behaviors
| Fundamental, self-serving bias
53
What is self-fulfilling prophecy?
The phenomenon in which people's expectations of themselves or others lead them to behave in ways that make those expectations come true
Also called pygmalion
54
What is employee engagement?
An individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work
55
What is job satisfaction?
Extent to which you feel positively or negatively about various aspects of your work
56
What is organizational commitment?
Reflects the extent to which an employee identifies with an organization and is committed to its goal
Strong positive relationship between organizational commitment and job satisfaction
57
What is diversity?
Represents all the ways people are unalike and alike
58
On the diversity wheel what are the internal dimensions?
Those human differences that exert a powerful, sustained effect throughout every stage of our lives
Gender, age, ethnicity, race, sexuality
59
On the diversity wheel what are the external dimensions?
Consists of the personal characteristics that people acquire, discard, or modify throughout our lives
Educational background, marital status, parental status, religion, income
60
What are some trends in workforce diversity?
Age: More older people
Gender: More women working
Race: More people of color
Sexual Orientation: Gays and lesbians more visible
People with differing physical and mental abilities
Educational level: mismatch between education and workforce needs
61
What is stress?
The tension people feel when they are facing or enduring extraordinary demands, constraints, or opportunities, and are uncertain about their ability to handle them effectively
62
What are the symptoms of stress?
Backaches, headaches, sweaty palms, nausea
Boredom, irritability, nervousness, anger, anxiety, depression
Sleeplessness, changes in eating habits, increased smoking/alcohol/drug abuse
63
What is burnout?
State of emotional, mental, and even physical exhaustion
64
How can you reduce stressors in organizations?
```
Roll out employee assistance programs
Recommend holistic wellness approach
Create a sportive environment
Make jobs interesting
Make career counseling available
```
65
What are motivating factors?
Factors associated with job satisfaction which affects the job content or the rewards of work performance
66
What are the major elements of expectancy theory?
```
Effort
in order to achieve (expectancy)
Performance
so that I can realize (instrumentality)
outcomes
leading to
Valence
```
67
What are key components of goal-setting theory?
```
Goals should be specific
Challenging but achievable
Linked to action plans
Need not be jointly set to be effective
Feedback enhances goal attainment
```
68
What is job designs?
Division of an organization's work among its employees and the application of motivational theories to jobs to increase satisfaction and performance
Job simplification, enlargement, emrichment
69
What is reinforcement theory?
Attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends to be repeated
70
What is positive reinforcement?
Use of positive consequences to encourage desirable behavior
71
What is negative reinforcement?
Process of strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
72
What are the two types of reinforcement?
Extinction and punishment
73
What is extinction?
Weakening of behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced
74
What is punishment?
Process of weakening behavior by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive
75
How should you use positive reinforcement?
Reward only desirable behavior
Give rewards as soon as possible
Be clear about what behavior is desired
Have different rewards and recognize individual differences
76
Why is teamwork important?
```
Increased productivity
Increased speed
Reduced costs
Improved quality
Reduced destructive internal competition
Improved workplace cohesivness
```
77
What is a group?
Two or more freely acting individuals who share collective norms, collective goals, and have a common identity
78
What is a team?
Small group of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable
79
What is a formal group?
established to do something productive for the organization
| headed by a leader
80
What is an informal group?
formed by people seeking friendship
| has no officially appointed leader, although a leader may emerge
81
What is a continuous improvement team?
Volunteers of workers and supervisors who meet intermittently to discuss workplace and quality-related problems; formerly called quality circle
82
What is a cross-functional team?
Members composed of people from different departments, such as sales and production, pursuing a common objective
83
What is a problem-solving team?
Knowledge workers who meet as a temporary team to solve a specific problem and then bisband
84
What is self-managed team?
Workers are trained to do all or most of the jobs in a work unit, have no direct supervisor, and do their own day-to-day supervision
85
What is a top-manegment team?
Members consist of the CEO, president, and top department heads and work to help the organization achieve its mission and goals
86
What is a virtual team?
Members interact by computer network to collaborate on projects
87
What is a work team?
Members engage in collective work requiring
88
What are advice teams?
created to broaden the information base for managerial decisions
Committees, review panels
89
What are production teams?
responsible for performing day-to-day operations
| Assembly teams, maintenance crews
90
What are project teams?
work to do creative problem solving, often by applying the specialized knowledge of members of a cross-functional team
Task forces, research groups
91
What are action teams?
work to accomplish tasks that require people with specialized training and a high degree of coordination
Hospital surgery teams, airline cockpit crews, police SWAT teams
92
What are self-managed teams?
groups of workers who are given administrative oversight for their task domains
93
What are the five stages of group and team development?
Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning
94
What is forming?
Getting oriented and getting acquainted
| leaders allow time for people to become acquainted
95
What is storming?
characterized by the emergence of individual personalities and roles and conflicts within the group
Leaders should encourage members to suggest ideas, voice disagreements, and work through their conflicts about tasks and goals
96
What is norming?
conflicts are resolved, close relationships develop, and unity and harmony emerge
Group cohesiveness
Leaders should emphasize unity and help identify team goals and values
97
What is performing?
members concentrate on solving problems and completing the assigned tasks
Leaders should allow members the empowerment they need to work on tasks
98
What is adjourning?
Preparing for disbandment
| Leaders can help ease the transition by rituals celebrating “the end” and “new beginnings”
99
What is needed to build effective teams?
cooperation, trust, cohesion,
100
What is cooperating?
efforts are systematically integrated to achieve a collective objective.
101
What is trust?
reciprocal faith in others’ intentions and behaviors
102
What is cohesion?
tendency of a group or team to stick together
103
What are advantages of small teams?
better interaction
| better morale
104
What are disadvantages of small teams?
Fewer resources
Possibly less innovation
Unfair work distribution
105
What are advantages of large teams?
More resources
| Division of labor
106
What are disadvantages of large teams?
Less interaction
Lower morale
Social loafing
107
What is a role?
a socially determined expectation of how an individual should behave in a specific position
Task roles, maintenance roles
108
What is a norm?
general guidelines that most group or team members follow
109
Why are norms enforced?
To help the group survive
To clarify role expectations
To help individuals avoid embarrassing situations
To emphasize the group’s important values and identity
110
What is groupthink?
a cohesive group's blind unwillingness to consider alternatives
111
What are the symptoms of groupthink?
Invulnerability, inherent morality, and stereotyping of opposition
Rationalization and self-censorship
Illusion of unanimity, peer pressure, and mindguards
Groupthink versus “the wisdom of the crowds”
Reduction in alternative ideas
Limiting of other information
112
How can you prevent group think?
Allow criticism
| Allow other perspectives
113
What is conflict?
process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party
114
What is dysfunctional conflict?
conflict that hinders the organization’s performance or threatens its interest
115
What is functional conflict?
conflict that benefits the main purposes of the organization and serves its interests
116
What is personality conflict?
interpersonal opposition based on personal dislike, disagreement, or differing styles
Personality clashes, competition for scarce resources, time pressure, communication failures
117
What is intergroup conflicts?
Inconsistent goals or reward systems, ambiguous jurisdictions, status differences
118
What are five conflict handling styles?
Avoiding - “Maybe the problem will go away”
Accommodating – “Let’s do it your way”
Forcing – “You have to do it my way”
Compromising – “Let’s split the difference”
Collaborating – “Let’s cooperate to reach a win-win solution that benefits both of us”
119
What are two types of programmed conflict?
Devil's advocacy and dialectic
120
What is devil'd advocacy?
process of assigning someone to play the role of critic to voice possible objections to a proposal and thereby generate critical thinking and reality testing
121
What is dialectic method?
process of having two people or groups play opposing roles in a debate in order to better understand a proposal
122
What is leadership?
the ability to influence employees to voluntarily pursue organizational gains
123
What does being a manager include?
Determining what needs to be done - planning and budgeting
Creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda - organizing and staffing
Ensuring people do their jobs - controlling and problem solving
124
What does being a leader involve?
Determining what needs to be done - setting a direction
Creating arrangements of people to accomplish an agenda - aligning people
Ensuring people do their jobs
- motivating and inspiring
125
What is legitimate power?
results from managers’ formal positions within the organization
126
What is reward power?
results from managers’ authority to reward their subordinates
127
What is coercive power?
results from managers’ authority to punish their subordinates
128
What is expert?
results from one’s specialized information or expertise
129
What is referent power?
derived from one’s personal attraction
130
What is trait approach to leadership?
attempt to identify distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders
131
What is project globe?
ongoing attempt to develop an empirically based theory to “describe, understand, and predict the impact of specific cultural variables on leadership and organizational processes and the effectiveness of these processes
132
What is behavioral leadership?
approaches attempt to determine the distinctive styles used by effective leaders
133
What is job-centered behavior?
principal concerns were with achieving production efficiency, keeping costs down, and meeting schedules
134
What is employee-centered behavior?
managers paid more attention to employee satisfaction and making work groups cohesive
135
What is initiating structure?
behavior that organizes and defines what group members should be doing
136
What is consideration?
expresses concern for employees by establishing a warm, friendly, supportive climate
137
What is contingency leadership model?
determines if a leader’s style is task oriented or relationship-oriented and if that style is effective for the situation at hand
138
What is leader-member relations?
reflects the extent to which the leader has the support, loyalty, and trust of the work group
139
What is task structure?
extent to which tasks are routine and easily understood
140
What is position power?
refers to how much power a leader has to make work assignments and reward and punish
141
What is path-goal leadership model?
holds that the effective leader makes available to followers desirable rewards in the workplace and increases their motivation by clarifying the paths, or behavior, that will help them achieve those goals and providing them with support
142
What are the steps towards applying situational theories?
Step 1: Identify Important Outcomes: “What Goals Am I Trying to Achieve?”
Step 2: Identify Relevant Employee Leadership Behaviors: “What Management Characteristics Are Best?”
Step 3: Identify Situational Conditions: “What Particular Events Are Altering the Situation?”
Step 4: Match Leadership to the Conditions at Hand: “How Should I Manage When There Are Multiple Conditions?”
Step 5: Determine How to Make the Match: “Change the Manager or Change the Manager ’s Behavior?”
143
What is transactional leadership?
focuses on clarifying employees’ roles and task requirements and providing rewards and punishments contingent on performance
144
What is transformational leadership?
transforms employees to pursue organizational goals over self-interests
influenced by individual characteristics and organizational culture
145
What are key behaviors of transformational leaders?
Inspirational motivation
Idealized influence
Individual consideration
Intellectual stimulation
146
What are implications of a transformational leader?
Can improve results for individuals and groups
It can be used to train employees at any level
It requires ethical leaders
147
What is leader-member exchange?
emphasizes that leaders have different sorts of relationships with different subordinates
148
What is a servant leader?
focus on providing increased service to others - meeting the goals of both followers and the organization - rather than to themselves
149
What is an e-leader?
can involve one-to-one, one-to-many, and within-group and between-group and collective interaction via information technology
150
What do followers want in their leaders?
Significance, community, excitement
151
What is communication?
the transfer of information and understanding from one person to another
152
What percent of a manger's time is spent communicating?
81%
153
What is sender?
person wanting to share information-called a message
154
What is a receiver?
person for whom the message is intended
155
What is encoding?
translating a message into understandable symbols or language
156
What is decoding?
interpreting and trying to make sense of the message
157
What is medium?
the pathway by which a message travels
158
What is feedback?
the receiver expresses his reaction to the sender’s message
159
What is noise?
any disturbance that interferes with the transmission of a message
160
What is medium richness?
indicates how well a particular medium conveys information and promotes learning
161
What is rich medium
best for nonroutine situations and to avoid oversimplification
162
What is lean medium?
best for routine situations and to avoid overloading
163
What are three barriers to communication?
Physical barriers: sound, time, space, & so on
Semantic barriers: when words matter
Personal barriers: individual attributes that hinder communication
164
What are semantics?
study of the meaning of words
165
What is jargon?
terminology specific to a particular profession or group
166
What is nonverbal communication?
consists of messages sent outside of the written or spoken word
167
What is formal communication channels?
follow the chain of command and are recognized as official
| vertical, horizontal, external
168
What is informal communication channels?
develop outside the formal structure and do not follow the chain of command
169
What is grapevine?
unofficial communication system of the informal organization
170
What is management by wandering around?
term used to describe a manager’s literally wandering around his organization and talking with people across all lines of authority
171
What is multicommunicating?
represents the use of technology to participate in several interactions at the same time
172
What is videoconferencing?
uses video and audio links along with computers to enable people in different locations to see, hear, and talk with each other
173
What is telepresence technology?
high-definition videoconference systems that simulate face-to-face meetings between users
174
What are downsides to the digital age?
Security
a system of safeguards for protecting information technology against disasters, system failures, and unauthorized access that result in damage or loss
Identity theft
thieves hijack your name and identity and use your good credit rating to get cash or buy things
175
What are disadvantages of email?
Has been a decrease in all other forms of communication among co-workers—including greetings and informal conversations
Emotions often are poorly communicated or miscommunicated via e-mail messages
The greater the use of e-mail, the less connected co-workers reportedly feel.
176
What is crowd-sourcing?
the practice of obtaining needed services, ideas, or content by soliciting contributions from a large group of people and especially from the online community, such as Facebook and Twitter users
177
What are the downsides of social media?
distraction, leaving wrong impression, replacing real conversation
178
What is appreciative listening?
listening to be amused
179
What is empathic style?
tuning into the speaker ’ s emotions
180
What is comprehensive style?
focusing on the speaker ’ s logic
181
What is discerning style?
focusing on the main message
182
What is evaluative style?
challenging the speaker
