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Feeds and Feeding of Companion Animals > Test Two Review > Flashcards

Test Two Review Flashcards

(99 cards)

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1
Q

What factors need to be considered when determining nutrient requirements?

A

age, stage of development, genetics, environment, activity

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2
Q

What does ration mean?

A

total amount of food an animal has in a 24 hour period

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3
Q

What does balanced ration mean?

A

contains all nutrients required by the animal in correct amounts

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4
Q

What two reasons is food required by the body?

A

to provide building material and to produce heat and energy

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5
Q

What is the process called that allows a plant to nourish itself?

A

photosynthesis

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6
Q

How are nutrients extracted from food?

A

through digestion

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7
Q

How are nutrients carried to the cells of the body?

A

blood

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8
Q

What does organic mean?

A

contains carbon

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9
Q

What does inorganic mean?

A

does not contain carbon

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10
Q

What are two nutrient groups in the inorganic category

A

water and minerals

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11
Q

List four nutrient groups in the organic category

A

carbohydrates, fats, proteins and vitamins

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12
Q

What percentage of water makes up the weight of an adult animal?

A

75%

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13
Q

What percentage of water makes up the weight of a newborn?

A

95%

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14
Q

Ten reasons why water is needed in the body

A

provides basis doe all of the fluid of the animal’s body, circulation, digestion, to produce milk, allows cells to hold their shape, maintains constant temperature, flushes the animal’s body of waste and toxic materials, it is a solvent

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15
Q

What percentage of water loss will result in death?

A

20%

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16
Q

All cells contain water. True or false?

A

True

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17
Q

Does an obese animal contain more or less water as a percentage of its body weight?

A

less

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18
Q

As an animal ages, water content of the body does what?

A

decrease

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19
Q

The ear requires fluid to provide a sense of what?

A

equilibrium

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20
Q

How do dogs dissipate heat?

A

panting and vasodilation

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21
Q

How do cats dissipate heat?

A

licking themselves

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22
Q

What is metabolic water?

A

water that is produced when organic nutrients are oxidized in cells. CO2 and H2O are made. CO2 is breathed out and H2O is retained

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23
Q

What animal can survive long periods on metabolic water?

A

camels

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24
Q

What is the ratio of water to food that animals generally need?

A

3 pounds of water to 1 pound of fat

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25
What are four factors that the amount of water necessary depends on
activity, gestation, lactation and environment
26
What are 10 factors that can cause water loss
vomiting, diarrhea, sweating, panting, urination, defecation, gestation, lactation, renal failure
27
Animals should be given what type of water?
potable
28
What does potable mean?
clean, fresh
29
How should animals be given water?
as lib
30
What does ad lib mean?
at free choice
31
How do we check an animal's hydration level in a clinic?
skin turgor, mucous membranes
32
Define macromolecules?
minerals needed in larger amounts
33
Give three examples of macrominerals and their use
calcium-bone and teeth formation, phosphorus-aids in the use of protien, iron-strength and hemoglobin for RBC's
34
Define microminerals
trace minerals needed in smaller amounts
35
Give four examples of microminerals and their use
iodine-strength and vital signs production, magnesium-muscles, sodium-water balance, potassium-transfer nutrients
36
Which mineral is required the most?
calcium
37
What is the main use of carbohydrates?
energy
38
What are carbohydrates converted to if not used?
fat
39
Why must carbohydrates be provided in the diet every day?
they are not stored in the body
40
What is the major function of fats?
insulates animals in cold weather
41
What other functions does fat serve?
increases palatability of taste of food
42
List seven functions of protien
support, enzyme catalysts, transport, defense, regulation, motion and storage
43
What does protien deficiency lead to?
poor growth and body weight, poor immune system and poor health
44
What can an increase in protein lead to?
kidney problems
45
What is the most prominent function of vitamins?
cofactors for enzymatic reactions
46
What are the two groups of vitamins?
water soluble and fat soluble
47
Which vitamins are water soluble?
B and C
48
Which vitamins are fat soluble?
E, A, D, K
49
List seven factors that various types of diets are created based on
age, environment, species, size, health condition, breed, medical history
50
List seven types of diets
growth, maintenance, reproductive, working, senior, lactation and reduced calorie
51
What is the main use for the growth diet?
formulated to increase the size of muscles, bones, organs and weight
52
What is the main use for the maintenance diet?
used for animnals in their prime age and in a healthy condition
53
What is the main use for the reproductive diet?
given to breeding animals for additional nutrients
54
What is the main use for the lactation diet?
given to females that have completed the gestation phase and are producing milk
55
What is the main reason for the working diet?
fro livestock that need and use a large amount of energy for some types of work
56
What is the main reason for the reduced calorie diet?
for animals that are overweight or less active due to health complications
57
What is the main reason for the senior diet?
specific to health and age
58
Define feed
what animals eat in order to obtain nutrients
59
Define feedstuff
the ingredients in animal food that helps determine the nutrient causes
60
What does BCS stand for?
body condition score
61
What is the ideal BCS?
3
62
By outward appearance, describe what characteristics determine an ideal BCS
age, weight, breed, purpose for use
63
What does AAFCO stand for?
association of american feed control officers
64
What are vitamins important in?
chemical reactions of metabolism
65
Vitamins tend to be the most over-rated and over-used as a terapeutic tool. True or False?
true
66
Where do vitamin deficiences occur mostly?
in homemade and cheap commercial diets
67
Which vitamins does hypervitaminosis more commonly with?
vitamin A and vitamin D
68
Cats require what?
preformed vitamin A
69
Where is preformed vitamin A found?
in animal tissue
70
Cats cannot convert what?
tryptophan into vitamin B3
71
Guinea pigs require what vitamin supplied into their diet?
Vitamin C
72
Vitamin C deficiencies cause what?
scurvy
73
10 signs of vitamin C deficiencies are?
loss of appetite, depression, rough hair coat, anorexia, swollen and painful joints and ribs; lameness, poor bone and teeth development and a painful mouth, nasal discharge, bleeding gums, spontaneous hemorrhages under the skin and into the joints, infections
74
Why is there ash in cat food?
because the meat in cat food is cooked at very high temperatures
75
Foods with higher proportions on meat content will contain more or less ash?
more
76
All minerals need to be considered as a group because of what?
the inter-relationships that exist between them
77
The ? of each mineral consumed ? influences the ? of other minerals
quantity, influences, absorbtion
78
Calcium deficiency signs include?
lameness, bone demineralization, increased incidence of fractures
79
Calcium excess promotes?
slow bone growth, decreased absorbtion of phosphorus, zinc, iron, copper
80
The calcium to phosphorus ratio should be?
1.2 Ca: 1 P
81
Foods that are low in calcium are high in what?
phosphorus
82
Many foods high in calcium are equally high in what?
phosphorus
83
Phosphorus deficiencies include?
depraved appetite
84
Phosphorus excesses include?
renal damage, decreased absorbtion of calcium
85
Sodium excesses cause?
retention of fluids, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, renal disease
86
Commercial pet foods often contain how many times the sodium that is needed?
10-20 times
87
Sodium/Potassium work together to maintain?
fluid balance in the body and cells, muscle functions, transmission of nerve impulses, heart activity, production of HCL in the stomach
88
Deficiencies or imbalances between sodium/potassium causes?
fatigue/listlessness, poor growth, dry skin, loss of hair, muscular paralysis, dehydrationn, lesions on heart and kidneys
89
Magnesium is a risk factor for what?
feline struvite urolithiasis
90
Magnesium deficiency causes?
cardiovascular problems, weakness, seizures, hypertension
91
Sulfur deficiency causes?
coat discoloration, skin conditions (hot spots, eczema, dermatitis, allergies)
92
Boron deficiencies cause?
imbalance of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus
93
Copper deficiencies cause?
loss of hair and skin colour, anemia, improper bone formation
94
Copper toxicity causes?
liver damage
95
Iodine deficiency causes?
thyroid problems, and as a resukt, improper metabolism
96
Iron deficiencies cause?
anemia
97
Zinc deficiencies cause?
skin problems, dry coat, excessive shedding, fading hair colour, growth retardation, a weakened immune system, poor reproductive performance
98
Taurine defiencies cause?
dilatated cardiomyopathy and central retinal degeneration
99
Important roles of taurine include?
feline reproduction, bile acid conjugation, retinal function, normal function of the myocardium

Feeds and Feeding of Companion Animals (7 decks)

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