TEST TWO STUDY GUIDE

Question 1

What is the Genetic code for DNA

Answer 1

A-T, C-G

Question 2

What is the Genetic code for RNA

Answer 2

A-U, C-G

Question 3

Codons are made up of how many letters?

Answer 3

3`

Question 4

Start codon

Answer 4

site where protein translation initiates (AUG).

Question 5

Stop codon

Answer 5

marks termination of translation process (UAG, UAA, UGA).

Question 6

Telemeres

Answer 6

Endcaps on individual strands, protect and organize chromosomes.

Question 7

Transcription

Answer 7

DNA —> mRNA through
Initiation, Elongation, and termination. Copying genetic information.

Question 8

Translation

Answer 8

mRNA —-> proteins. Using info on mRNA strand and constructing a protein through
Initiation, elongation, and termination.

Question 9

mRNA

Answer 9

messenger that transcribes info, leaves nucleus, and moves to ribosomes.

Question 10

rRNA

Answer 10

ribosomal RNA - workbench to assemble proteins (polypeptide chains)

Question 11

tRNA

Answer 11

transport RNA - moves amino acids to ribosomes, contains anti-codons

Question 12

Cell division

Answer 12

used for growth, repair, and maintenance.

Question 13

Genes are ____ of DNA that do what?

Answer 13

Segments of DNA that code for a specific functional molecule (protein or RNA)

Question 14

Duplicated chromosomes are composed of what?

Answer 14

Two sister chromatids

Question 15

Why is DNA compacted?

Answer 15

For necessary chromosomal segregation during mitosis.

Question 16

Built-in checkpoints do what in cellular division?

Answer 16

Allow problems to be corrected before cycle proceeds

Question 17

Mitosis system steps are:

Answer 17

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, and Cytokinesis (PMATC)

Question 17

Prophase

Answer 17

nucleus breaks down, chromosomes condense

Question 18

Metaphase

Answer 18

Chromosomes line up, filaments attach to create sister chromatids

Question 19

Anaphase

Answer 19

Sister chromatids pull apart chromosome

Question 20

Telophase

Answer 20

New nuclear membranes form, filaments die (not needed)

Question 21

Cytokinesis

Answer 21

Final division of the cell

Question 22

Interphase

Answer 22

Before Mitosis, prepares cell for division. Three phases: G1, S1, and G2.

Question 23

Interphase: G1 phase (first gap)

Answer 23

cell is getting building blocks of chromosomal DNA and accumulating energy to replicate nucleus.

Question 24

Interphase: S phase (synthesis)

Answer 24

DNA replication that results in identical pairs of DNA molecules

Question 25

Interphase: G2 phase (second gap)

Answer 25

replinishes energy stores, synthesizes proteins for chromosomal manipulation.

Question 26

When does cancer occur?

Answer 26

Checkpoints break down during cell division.

Question 27

What does meiosis do?

Answer 27

For sexual reproduction, produces four genetically unique daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of parent cell. Specifically designed for sex cells (games like sperm or egg).

Question 28

What happens in meiosis I?

Answer 28

Homologous chromosomes seperate

Question 29

What happens in meiosis II?

Answer 29

Sister chromatids seperate, resulting in 4 daughter cells.

Question 30

Only _____ cells are ______.

Answer 30

only haploid cells are gametes

Question 31

The body of an organism is _____

Answer 31

haploid

Question 32

What did Gregor Mendel do, and how did he do it?

Answer 32

Discovered genetic inheritance through experimentation with pea plants.

Question 33

Continuous variation

Answer 33

different results of genes (human height)

Question 34

Discontinuous variation

Answer 34

inherited traits (white vs. purple flowers).

Question 35

Hybridization

Answer 35

mating two true-breeding individuals w/ different traits such as tall v. short.

Question 36

F1: F2: P:

Answer 36

First, second, parental generation.

Question 37

Trait

Answer 37

visible variation of physical appearance

Question 38

Probability basics

Answer 38

probability a trait will occur

Question 39

Allele

Answer 39

gene variants that arise by mutation, exist at same relative locations on homologous chromosomes

Question 40

Phenotype

Answer 40

physical trait shown by organism

Question 41

Genotype

Answer 41

underlying genetic makeup, visible AND non-expressed alleles.

Question 42

Homozygous

Answer 42

2 identical alleles for a gene

Question 43

Heterozygous

Answer 43

genotype reflects different alleles for gene

Question 44

Mendel's law of segregation

Answer 44

paired unit factors must segregate into equal number of gametes so that offspring can inherit either

Question 45

Law of independent assortment

Answer 45

genes do not influence each other with regard to sorting alleles into gametes

Question 46

Chromosomal Theory of inheritance

Answer 46

chromosomes are responsible for Mendelian inheritance

Question 47

Homologous recombination

Answer 47

homologous chromosomes undergo reciprocal changes, "crossing over"

Question 48

Nonparental Types

Answer 48

genetic combination are different from their parents

Question 49

Parental types

Answer 49

descendant exhibits same allelic combination as their parents

Question 50

Recombination frequency

Answer 50

average number of crossovers b/n two alleles

Question 51

Inherited disorders occur when?

Answer 51

When chromosomes behave abnormally during MEIOSIS

Question 52

Karyotype

Answer 52

number and appearance of chromosomes, shown in karyogram

Question 53

Autosomes

Answer 53

body chromosomes, organized largest to smallest

Question 54

Translocations

Answer 54

segment of genetic material breaks from one chromosome and reattaches to another, or different part of the same chromosome

Question 55

Nondisjunction

Answer 55

when homologous chromosome pairs or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis

Question 56

Monosomy

Answer 56

losing a chromosome

Question 57

Trisomy

Answer 57

gaining a chromosome

Question 58

X-inactivation

Answer 58

visible in cats, one of two X chromosomes in female's cells is inactivated during embryonic development

Question 59

Chromosome inversion

Answer 59

detachment and reinsertion of part of a chromosome