test2 Flashcards
(241 cards)
1
Q
What is the correct order for the topics: Procedure, Discussion, References, Results, Conclusions, Title, Objective, Introduction
A
Title, Introduction, Objective, Procedure, Results, Discussion, Conclusions, References
2
Q
Gives the context or background to the research in the form of basic information and/or theories
A
Introduction
3
Q
What is the goal of the experiment/dissection/review?
A
Objectives
4
Q
Outlines how the research was conducted to enable others to evaluate its credibility
A
Procedure
5
Q
Present the results of the research; usually presented through graphs and various figures
A
Results
6
Q
Presents and analyses the findings from the experiment; recommendations are also presented here
A
Discussions/Conclusion
7
Q
Website, book, scientific literature used to write the report
A
References
8
Q
What kind of receptors are found in the eyes?
A
Photoreceptors
9
Q
What type of senses does the eye have?
A
Special senses
10
Q
What is the modality/stimulus that activate the eyes?
A
Light
11
Q
This sense is based on light interacting with the eyes
A
Vision/Sight
12
Q
Focuses the light into the retina
A
Lens
13
Q
Changes size; constricts or dilates
A
Pupil
14
Q
Regulates the amount of light that passes through
A
Iris
15
Q
What happens when bright light comes to your eye?
A
The pupil constricts to reduce the amount of light entering the eye
16
Q
When your eye’s natural lens becomes cloudy. Proteins in your lens break down and clump together, causing thing to look blurry, hazy or less
A
Cataract
17
Q
Composed of transparent, flexible tissue and is located directly behind the iris and the pupil
A
Lens
18
Q
A procedure to remove the lens of your eye and, in most cases, replace it with an artificial lens
A
Cataract surgery
19
Q
The eye’s clear, protective outer layer
A
Cornea
20
Q
The white outer coating of the eye
A
Sclera
21
Q
A surgical procedure to replace part of your cornea with corneal tissue from a donor
A
Cornea transplant (keratoplasty)
22
Q
Contains a very high concentration of cones
A
Macula Lutea/Fovea
23
Q
Light-sensitive cells in the retina that give detailed central vision
A
Cones
24
Q
Where are the cones located?
A
In the retina
25
The yellow oval spot at the center of the retina that contains blood vessels and nerve fibers
Macula
26
Covers the front of the eye with the exception of the cornea
Conjuctiva
27
Thick white sphere of dense connective tissue that encloses the eye and maintains its shape
Sclera
28
Contributes to the tear film and protects the eye from foreign objects and infection
Conjunctiva
29
Lines the inside of the eyelids and provides a covering to the sclera
Conjunctiva
30
Highly vascularized and home to extensive lymphatic vessels
Conjunctiva
31
Mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids
Conjunctiva
32
What is the name of the disease that affects the conjunctiva?
Conjunctivitis/Pink eye
33
What is the common name for conjunctivitis?
Pink eye
34
An inflammation of the conjunctiva
Conjunctivitis
35
Thin membrane that covers the inside of your eyelids and the sclera
Conjunctiva
36
Contains tiny blood vessels and produces the mucus that lubricates your eyes. If this membrane becomes inflamed, these tiny blood vessels swell & make your eye appear red
Conjunctiva
37
What are the 3 layers of the eye wall?
Fibrous, Vascular, & Neural tunic
38
What is included in the Fibrous tunic?
Sclera & Cornea
39
What is included in the Vascular tunic?
Iris, Ciliary body, & Choroid
40
What is included in the Neural tunic?
Retina
41
What are the main functions of the ciliary body?
Accommodation, holding the lens in place, and producing aqueous fluid
42
The middle layer of tissue in the wall of the eye; found between the sclera and the retina
Choroid
43
Where are the photoreceptors located?
In the retina
44
Where are rods and cones located?
On the back of the eye ball
45
Do not mediate color vision; detect only light and dark and are very sensitive to low light levels
Rods
46
Are active at higher light levels; are capable of color vision
Cones
47
What type of cells are photoreceptors?
Special cells
48
What do photoreceptors do to light that hits the retina?
Turns them into electrical signals
49
How do electrical signals travel in the eye?
From the retina through the optic nerve to the brain
50
What does the brain do with the electrical signals it receives?
Turns the signals into the images we see
51
Densely saturated with cone photoreceptors
Fovea
52
Where the optic nerve and blood vessels leave the eyeball
Blind spot
53
What is the optic nerve connected to?
The brain
54
What does the optic nerve do?
Carries images to the brain, where they're processed
55
What is the purpose of the blind spot in the eye?
It allows the brain to process and fill in missing information around the blind spot to create an image
56
Light enters the eye
Stimulus energy
57
Receptors in the eye detect and respond to light
Reception
58
Light is converted from electromagnetic energy to energy in the form of action potentials
Transduction
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Sent to the brain via the optic nerve
Transmission
60
Received in the primary visual cortex; occurs in that area and throughout the brain
Interpretation
61
What is the order of the processes for visual sensory information?
Stimulus energy, Reception, Transduction, Transmission, & Interpretation
62
The adult human eye is a ___ measuring about ____ in diameter
Sphere; 2.5cm(1 in)
63
What type of structures protect and aid eye function?
Accessory structures
64
What are the accessory structures?
Eyebrows, eyelids, conjunctiva, lacrimal apparatus, extrinsic eye muscles
65
What is another name for eyelids?
Palpebrae
66
Only about ____ of the eye's anterior surface is observable
1/6
67
The remainder of the eye's anterior surface is enclosed and protected by a cushion of ___ and the walls of the ____.
Fat; bony orbit
68
Refers to the bones that constitute the margins of the
orbits, that is, the roof, medial and lateral walls, and floor.
Bony Orbit
69
What margins make up the bony orbit?
Roof, medial and lateral walls, and floor
69
What is the main function of the extraocular eye muscles?
To control movement and eye alignment
70
A genetic condition caused by a difference in how one or more of the light-sensitive cells found in the retina of the eye respond to certain colors
Color blindness
71
These cells sense wavelengths of light, and enable the retina to distinguish between colors
Cones
72
Three cones with nominal red and green cone overlap
Normal color vision
73
Shifted cones cause overlap between red and green, reducing the number of color seen
Color blindness
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What are the colors that the cones see?
Blue, green, and red
75
Happens when one or more of the color cone cells are
absent, not working, or detect a different color than normal
Color blindness
76
Occurs when all three cone cells are absent
Severe color blindness
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Happens when all three cone cells are present but one cone cell does not work right; it detects a different color than normal
Mild color blindness
78
What is the color of the S-cone?
Blue
79
What is the color of the M-cone?
Green
80
What is the color of the L-cone?
Red
81
How many types of cones do most other mammals have?
2 for green and blue/ultraviolet (UV) light
82
What structures do human eyeballs and cow eyeballs have in common?
Sclera, cornea, lens, vitreous fluid, retina, and choroid
83
How many muscles are attached to the eye to allow you to look in all directions?
6
84
How many muscles do cows have in their eye?
4
85
What direction can cows look?
Up, down, left, right
86
What can human eyes do that cow eyes can't?
They cannot roll their eyes
87
What is the difference of shape of the pupils in human and cow eyes?
Human pupils are round and cow pupils are oval
88
What is difference between the tapetum in the human eye and cow eye?
There is no tapetum in the human eye and there is a blue-green tapetum in the cow eye
89
What color tapetum is in the cow eye?
Blue-green
90
A second lining that helps you see better in the dark
Tapetum
91
A membrane located behind the retina that reflects back the light that has gone through the retinal cell layers, increasing light detection by photoreceptor cells
Tapetum lucidum
92
What is the function of the endocrine system?
maintaining homeostasis & producing and secreting hormones
93
How is the endocrine system formed?
Through the development of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
94
What is secreted by the endocrine system?
Hormones
95
A series of glands that produce and secrete hormones that the body uses for a wide range of functions
Endocrine system
96
What bodily functions does the endocrine system control?
Respiration, metabolism, reproduction, sensory perception, movement, sexual development, & growth
97
A chemical transmitter released in small amounts from glands and is transported in the bloodstream to target organs or other cells
Hormone
98
Chemical messengers, transferring information and instructions from one set of cells to another
Hormones
99
Regulate growth, development, mood, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function
Hormones
100
How can hormones regulate cellular function?
Through signal transduction pathways
101
How do hormones bind or enter cells?
Passing through the membrane or binding to receptors
102
Produces melatonin which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones
Pineal gland
103
A hormone primarily released by the pineal gland at night and has long been associated with control of the sleep-wake cycle
Melatonin
104
As a dietary supplement, it is often used for the short-term treatment of insomnia, such as from jet lag or shift work, and is typically taken orally
Melatonin
105
Located deep in the brain in an area called the epithalamus, where the halves of the brain join
Pineal gland
106
Which part of the brain is the pineal gland located?
Epithalamus
107
Where the two halves of the brain join
Epithalamus
108
Situated in the middle of the brain; sits in a groove just above the thalamus
Epithalamus
109
Located at the base of the brain and is attached to the hypothalamus
Pituitary
110
How many lobes does the pituitary gland have?
2
111
Which systems work together to maintain homeostasis?
Endocrine and nervous system
112
A collection of specialized cells located in the brain and is the primary link between the two systems
Hypothalamus
113
Produces chemicals that either stimulate or suppress hormone secretions of the pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
114
An important pea-sized organ
Pituitary gland
115
What is the pituitary gland also known as?
Master gland
116
Through secretion of its hormones, it controls metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure and many other vital physical functions and processes
Pituitary gland
117
Essential for the growth and development of bones, muscles, and other organs
Growth hormone
118
Enhances protein synthesis, decreases the use of glucose, and promotes fat destruction
Growth hormone
119
How tall is the tallest man?
8'11"
120
Who is the tallest man
Robert Wadlow
121
Tumor on the pituitary; overproduction of growth hormone
Pituitary giant
122
A gonadotropic hormone
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
123
Promotes the development of multiple follicles in the ovaries, each containing an egg
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
124
Stimulates the growth ovarian follicles in the female and the production of sperm in the male
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
125
Manufactured in the seminiferous tubules within the testicle
Sperm
126
Stimulates the development and growth of the mammary glands and milk production during pregnancy
Prolactin (PRL)
127
Regulates skin pigmentation and promotes the deposit of melanine in the skin after exposure to sunlight
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
128
Protects against cellular damage from UV light exposure
Melanin
129
Stimulates the uterus to contract during labor, delivery, and parturition
Oxytocin
130
A synthetic version of this hormone, used to induce labor, is called Pitocin. It also stimulates the mammary glands to release milk
Oxytocin
131
Where is oxytocin secreted from?
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
132
Where is GH secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
133
Where is FSH secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
134
Where is PRL secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
135
Where is MSH secreted from?
Anterior pituitary gland
136
How can the pituitary gland affect vision?
If tumors grow on the pituitary gland it can cause pressure to build on the optic nerve which affects vision
137
Located in the chest between the lungs; makes white blood cells (T lymphocytes) which are part of the immune system and help fight infection
Thymus gland
138
Part of the lymphatic system; ductless gland and secrete thymosin
Thymus gland
139
Why is the secretion of thymosin necessary?
Is necessary for the Thymus’ normal production of T cells for the immune system
140
Which systems are the thymus apart of?
Lymphatic and Endocrine System
141
An organ system in vertebrates that is part of the immune system, and complementary to the circulatory system
Lymphatic system (lymphoid system)
142
A large gland composed of both exocrine and endocrine functions
Pancreas
143
Release substances through openings onto your body's surfaces
Exocrine Glands
144
What are endocrine functions?
Hormone releasing
145
What are exocrine functions?
enzyme secreting
146
What 4 hormones do the endocrine secrete?
Insulin, glucagon, gastrin, & somatostatin
147
Decreases glucose levels and glucagon
Insulin
148
Increases glucose levels
Glucagon
149
Consist of islet of langerhans
Endocrine
150
Rich in digestive enzymes produced by acinar cells
Exocrine
151
What are the digestive enzymes in the exocrine?
Amylase and lipase
152
Secretes digestive enzymes, ions, and water into the duodenum of the gastrointestinal tract
Exocrine gland
153
Consists of the islets of Langerhans, secretes hormones into the bloodstream
Endocrine gland
154
Also known as suprarenal glands, are small, triangular-shaped glands located on top of both kidneys
Adrenal glands
155
Epinephrine
Adrenaline
156
What does the adrenal gland do in a dangerous situations?
Release adrenaline, speed up metabolism, & become more alert
157
Where is the female reproductive gland located?
Abdomen
158
What is the structure of the female reproductive gland?
Ovaries
159
What hormones are released in the female reproductive gland?
Estrogen & progesterone
160
Prepares for fertilized egg
Uterus
161
Development of eggs
Ovaries
162
What does the female reproductive gland target?
Uterus & ovaries
163
Where is the male reproductive gland located?
Abdomen
164
What is the structure of the male reproductive gland?
Testes
165
What hormone is released from the male reproductive gland?
Testosterone
166
Produces sperms, development of male secondary sex characteristics
Testes
167
What is the target of the male reproductive gland?
Testes
168
Produce estrogen hormones and progesterone
Ovaries
169
These hormones prepare the uterus for pregnancy, promote the development of mammary gland, play a role in sex drive, & develop secondary sex characteristics in the female
Estrogen & Progesterone
170
Stimulates FSH and LH release pre-ovulation
Estrogen
171
Essential for the growth, development, and maintenance of female sex organs
Estrogen
172
Inhibits FSH and LH for most of cycle
Estrogen
173
Produce the male sex hormone called testosterone
Testes
174
Male sex hormone
Testosterone
175
Essential for normal growth and development of the male sex organs
Testosterone
176
Responsible for the erection of the penis
Testosterone
177
Temporary endocrine gland
Placenta
178
During pregnancy, the ___ serves as an endocrine gland
Placenta
179
Provides oxygen and nutrients to a growing baby also removes waste products from the baby's blood
Placenta
180
Attaches to the wall of the uterus and the baby's umbilical cord arises from it
Placenta
181
Produce chorionic gonadotropin hormone, estrogen, and progesterone
Placenta
182
A chemical created by trophoblast tissue, tissue typically found in early embryos
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
183
A gland that makes substances such as sweat, tears, saliva, milk, & digestive juices and releases them through a duct or opening to a body surface
Exocrine glands
184
Sweat glands, lacrimal glands, salivary glands, mammary glands, and digestive glands in the stomach, pancreas, and intestines
Exocrine glands
185
Increase metabolism and regulate calcium levels
Thyroid and Parathyroid glands
186
Produce parathyroid hormones
Parathyroid glands
187
Plays a key role in the regulation of calcium levels in the blood
Parathyroid hormones
188
Why are precise calcium levels important in the human body?
Small changes can cause muscle and nerve problems
189
Located in the brain, help control the thyroid gland
Hypothalamus and pituitary gland
190
Releases thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
Hypothalmus
191
Stimulates the pituitary gland to release thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
192
T3
Triiodothyronine hormone
193
T4
Thyroxine hormone
194
Control the body's metabolic rate, heat generation, neuromuscular function and heart rate
T3 & T4
195
A hormone that your thyroid gland makes and releases to help regulate calcium levels in your blood by decreasing it
Calcitonin
196
Opposes the actions of the parathyroid hormone
Calcitonin
197
A hormone that increases your blood calcium levels
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
198
Referred to as antagonistic hormones as their actions are diametrically opposite
Calcitonin and PTH
199
Secreted when blood calcium level is extremely high
Calcitonin
200
Secreted when the blood calcium level is too low
PTH
201
Hormones that regulate the Ca++ levels in blood
Calcitonin and PTH
202
What is the source of T3, T4, & calcitonin?
Thyroid
203
What is the source of PTH?
Parathyroids
204
What is the target of T3 & T4?
Most tissues
205
What is the target of calcitonin?
Bone
206
What is the target of PTH?
Bone, kidneys, & intestine
207
Plays a vital role in metabolism and regulates the body's metabolic processes
Thyroid gland
208
Influences bone and calcium
metabolism
Calcitonin
209
Maintains a homeostasis of calcium in the blood plasma
Calcitonin
210
What does an increase in blood calcium do?
Increases secretion of calcitonin
211
What does an decrease in blood calcium do?
Increases secretion of parathyroid hormone
212
An autoimmune disorder that can cause hyperthyroidism
Graves' disease
213
Overactive thyroid
Hyperthyroidism
214
A small, butterfly-shaped gland in the front of your neck
Thyroid
215
Controls the way your body uses energy, so they affect nearly every organ in your body, even the way your heart beats
Thyroid hormones
216
Your immune system attacks your thyroid gland causing it to make more thyroid hormones than your body needs, as a result, many of your body's functions speed up
Graves' disease
217
A benign tumor originating in glandular tissue
Adenoma
218
Can grow in size to press upon the surrounding vital structures and leading to severe consequences
Benign growths
219
Generally benign or non cancerous but carry the potential to become adenocarcinomas
Adenomas
220
Malignant or cancerous
Adenocarcinomas
221
Most common type of cancer
Carcinoma
222
Begins in the epithelial tissue of the skin, or in the tissue that lines internal organs and may spread to other parts of the body or be confined to the primary location
Carcinoma
223
Which hormone stimulates sperm production?
Follicle stimulating hormone
224
Which gland is thought to play a role in establishing 24-hour circadian rhythms?
Pineal gland
225
Dehydration is detected by osmoreceptors in the ____
Hypothalamus
226
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released by the _____
Posterior pituitary
227
Decreases urine volume output and cause blood-vessel constriction
ADH
228
T/F: ADH helps to conserve water during dehydration
True
229
Stimulates ovulation
LH
230
Stimulates production of TSH and PRL
TRH
231
Stimulates secretion of anti-stress hormones
ACTH
232
Stimulates milk synthesis
PRL
233
Stimulates water retention
ADH
234
T/F: Hormones are chemical messengers that are transported by the bloodstream and stimulate physiological responses in cells of another tissue or organ
True
235
Sits on top of a kidney
Adrenal gland
236
Found in the pelvis
Ovaries
237
Attached to the small intestines
Pancreas
238
Found in the neck
Thyroid gland
239
Found in the brain
Pituitary gland
240
In comparison to the nervous system, the endocrine system responds _____ and its actions are ___
Slowly; long-lasting
