Test3 Flashcards
(252 cards)
1
Q
What are some functions of the blood?
A
Transporting gases, waste products, & nutrients, & helping remove toxins from the body
2
Q
What gases does the blood transport?
A
Oxygen & Carbon dioxide
3
Q
What waste products does the blood transport?
A
CO2
4
Q
What nutrients does the blood transport?
A
Oxygen, glucose, & amino acids
5
Q
What toxins does the blood remove?
A
Pollutants & heavy metals
6
Q
A circulating tissue consisting of three types of cells
A
Blood
7
Q
What types of cells are red blood cells?
A
Erythrocytes
8
Q
What types of cells are white blood cells?
A
Leukocytes
9
Q
What types of cells are platelets?
A
Thrombocytes
10
Q
What liquid are red & white blood cells, & platelets suspended in?
A
Plasma
11
Q
How much of our total body weight does blood make up?
A
Around 10%
12
Q
What is the normal adult blood volume?
A
5L (1.2-1.5 gallons)
13
Q
Cellular material in a fluid
A
Plasma
14
Q
Made up of cellular material in a fluid called plasma
A
Blood
15
Q
What is the order of the components in blood after centrifugation (top to bottom)?
A
Blood plasma, WBCs & platelets, RBCs
16
Q
How much of the blood is Plasma?
A
55%
17
Q
How much of the blood is WBCs & Platelets?
A
1%
18
Q
How much of the blood is RBCs?
A
45%
19
Q
What is included in Plasma?
A
Water, Ions, Proteins, Nutrients, Wastes, & Gases
20
Q
The formation and development of blood cells
A
Hematopoiesis
21
Q
Where are cellular elements produced in adults?
A
Bone marrow
22
Q
Where are some WBCs produced?
A
Lymphatic tissue and bone marrow
23
Q
What do blood cells need to form properly?
A
Certain nutrients
24
Q
What nutrients does blood need to form properly?
A
Iron, Folic acid, Vitamin B12
25
Where do formed blood cells come from?
Hematopoietic stem cells
26
Can become any blood cell
Hematopoietic stem cells
27
Squeeze through narrow capillaries in single file
Red blood cells
28
Inside red blood cells that pick up and carry the oxygen
Hemoglobin molecules
29
How do the RBCs travel?
In the blood vessels from the lungs to the left side of the heart
30
What happens to the blood once it reaches the heart?
It is pumped around the body
31
Produced in the bone marrow
RBCs, most WBCs, & platelets
32
A spongy substance found in the center of the bones
Bone marrow
33
Stops making healthy blood cells when it's damaged
Bone marrow
34
Involves collecting stem cells with a needle placed into the soft center of the bone
Bone marrow harvesting
35
Center of the bone
Marrow
36
Where are most sites used for bone marrow harvesting located?
Hip bones and sternum
37
Which diseases benefit from bone marrow transplants?
Leukemia, severe aplastic anemia, lymphomas, multiple myeloma, immune deficiency disorders, & some solid tumor cancers
38
Made up of cells that are in suspended plasma
Blood
39
How much of plasma is made up of water?
90%
40
How much of plasma is made up of proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, amino acids, antibodies, hormones, electrolytes, waste, salts, and ions?
10%
41
What percentage does RBCs make up of blood cells?
99%
42
Most abundant cell in the blood
RBCs
43
How many RBCs are there?
4 million - 6 million per microliter of blood
44
Where are RBCs formed?
In bone marrow
45
Mature forms do not have a nucleus
RBCs
46
What is the shape of RBCs?
Biconcave disks
47
What is the size of RBCs?
6-8 micrometers in diameter
48
What is the lifespan of RBCs?
120 days
49
Iron protein
Hemoglobin
50
Where is hemoglobin found?
In RBCs
51
Carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body and carbon dioxide binds to the RBC and is taken to the lungs to be exhaled
Hemoglobin
52
Largest sized blood cells
WBCs
53
Lowest numbers in the blood
WBCs
54
How many WBCs are there?
4500 - 11000 per microliter
55
Where are WBCs formed?
Bone marrow and lymph glands
56
WBCs are the primary cells for which system?
Immune system
57
What is the function of WBCs?
Fights disease and foreign invaders
58
Contain nuclei with DNA, shape depends on type of cell
WBCs
59
Certain WBCs produce
Antibodies
60
What is the lifespan of WBCs?
13 to 20 days
61
What is the size of WBCs?
8-20 micrometers in diameter
62
What are the 5 different types of WBCs?
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes
63
Produces a large amount of lymph
Liver
64
How much lymph does the liver produce that flows through the thoracic duct?
25% to 50%
65
What does the spleen do?
Make lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells
66
Located on the left side of the abdomen near the stomach
Spleen
67
Where are platelets formed?
Bone marrow
68
Smallest of blood cells
Platelets
69
What is the size of platelets?
1-4 micrometers in diameter
70
What is the shape of platelets?
Round, oval, or appear spiky
71
What is the life span of platelets?
8-12 days
72
Involved in the clotting process
Platelets
73
What is the function of platelets?
Seal wounds, prevent blood loss, and repairs damaged vessels
74
How many platelets are there?
150,000 - 400,000 per microliter of blood
75
What is the stain of platelets?
Bluish with reddish or purple granules
76
What are the functions of WBCs?
Recognizing intruders, killing harmful bacteria, making antibodies to protect your body against exposure to bacteria & viruses
77
The predominant type of leukocytes in blood, constituting 40-75% of circulating leukocytes
Neutrophils
78
Exhibits a segmented nucleus with three to five distinct lobes which are connected by thin filaments
A mature neutrophil
79
An immature form of neutrophils
Band cells
80
An inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells
Rhesus (Rh) factor
81
Blood that has protein
Rh positive
82
Blood that lacks protein
Rh negative
83
Most common blood type
Rh positive
84
Can receive positive and negative blood
Rh positive
85
Can receive only negative blood
Rh negative
86
What is the antibody of blood type A?
Antibody B
87
What is the antibody of blood type B?
Antibody A
88
What is the antibody of blood type AB?
No antibody
89
What is the antibody of blood type O?
Antibody A & B
90
What is the antigen of blood type A?
Antigen A
91
What is the antigen of blood type B?
Antigen B
92
What is the antigen of blood type AB?
Antigen A & B
93
What is the antigen of blood type O?
No antigen
94
Coagulation
Blood clotting
95
What is the universal recipient?
AB
96
What is the universal donor?
O
97
Where is the Rh factor located?
The surface of RBCs
98
Determines blood type and compatibility
Blood Type Test
99
How do we identify the Rh factor?
Through an Rh typing test
100
What is the composition of blood?
RBCs, WBCs, & Platelets
101
How is the cardiovascular system composed?
Heart, blood, and blood vessels
102
Often referred to as circulatory system due to common features shared by both systems
Cardiovascular system
103
What is included in the cardiovascular system and circulatory system?
Heart and blood
104
What is the main role of the cardiovascular system and circulatory system?
Transport substances throughout the body via the bloodstream
105
Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells and takes away wastes
Circulatory system
106
Pumps oxygenated and deoxygenated blood on different sides
Heart
107
What are the types of blood vessels?
Arteries, capillaries, & veins
108
Carries high pressure blood away from the heart
Arteries
109
Returns low pressure blood back towards the heart
Veins
110
Tend to be round in cross-section with a relatively thick wall
Arteries
111
Usually looks like a partially collapsed oval in cross-section with a relatively thin wall
Veins
112
Th walls of a ___ are thinner than an ___.
vein; artery
113
Carries blood from your organs and towards your heart
Veins
114
Carries blood away from your heart
Arteries
115
What color are the veins?
Blue
116
What color are the arteries?
Red
117
Directly drives the contraction of the vascular wall and hence regulates the size of the blood vessel lumen
Smooth muscle cell
118
Closed system of the heart and blood vessels
Cardiovascular system
119
What type of system is the cardiovascular system?
Closed system
120
Pumps blood into blood vessels
Heart
121
Circulates the blood to all parts of the body to all cells
Blood vessels
122
Always enclosed in vessels and the heart while circulating throughout the body
Blood
123
In most invertebrates
Open circulatory system
124
What does the heart pump into the vessels?
Hemolymph
125
Heart pumps hemolymph into vessels that empty into body spaces (sinuses) before returning to the heart
Open circulatory system
126
In some invertebrates and all vertebrates
Closed circulatory system
127
Blood is confined in blood vessels through the body; does not mix with interstitial fluid
Closed circulatory system
128
Insects, spider, or crustaceans
Arthropods
129
Arthropods have ____ on their back
Tubular heart
130
Does arthropods blood always move through their vessels?
No
131
Opens into the body cavity
Vessels
132
Interacts directly with organs and tissues
Blood
133
Collected into vessels again
Blood
134
Carries blood at high pressure and delivers blood quickly
Closed circulatory system
135
Is an open or closed circulatory system more efficient?
Closed circulatory system
136
A closed circulatory system is better for which type of animal?
Animals with high metabolism and that need more oxygen reaching the tissues
137
Why is a closed circulatory system better?
Blood circulates only inside blood vessels so it can do it with more pressure reaching farther distances between the organs
138
What are the major functions of the cardiovascular system?
Transport nutrients, gases, and waste products around the body, transport oxygen, protect the body from infection and blood loss, helps the body maintain a constant body temperature, helps maintain fluid balance within the body
139
What are the most common waste products?
Creatinine & Urea
140
Waste product formed as a result of normal muscle activity
Creatinine
141
By-product of protein and amino acid breakdown
Urea
142
Transported to the lungs or urinary system to be expelled from the body
Waste products
143
Delivered from the digestive tract to the muscles and organs that require them for energy
Nutrients
144
Travels in the blood to the kidneys where it leaves the body in urine
Creatinine
145
What does high levels of creatinine suggest?
The kidneys are not working correctly
146
What does the creatinine blood test do?
Helps doctors to diagnose kidney disease
147
Responsible for transporting oxygen around the body to the tissues and organs that need it
RBCs
148
How does oxygen enter the blood?
Through the alveoli of the lungs
149
What does oxygen in the blood stream bind to?
Hemoglobin
150
A special protein in the RBCs
Hemoglobin
151
Detects foreign bodies or infections and envelop and kill them
WBCs
152
Creates antibodies for that particular infection which enables the immune system to act more quickly against foreign bodies or infections it has come into contact with previously
WBCs
153
Small colorless cell fragments in our blood that form clots and stop or prevent bleeding
Platelets
154
A tough protein substance that is arranged in long fibrous chains
Fibrin
155
What is fibrin formed from?
Fibrinogen
156
A soluble protein
Fibrinogen
157
The body's ability to maintain a constant body temperature
Thermoregulation
158
Absorbs and distributes heat throughout the body
Blood
159
Maintains homeostasis through the release or conservation of warmth
Blood
160
Blood vessel dilates
Vasodilation
161
Blood vessel constricts
Vasoconstriction
162
When the heart pumps blood through the arteries, the blood puts pressure on the artery walls
Blood pressure
163
A person with high blood pressure would have an improvement on blood flow in which case? Why?
Vasodilation due to less resistance
164
Narrow blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
165
Wider blood vessels
Vasodilation
166
Increases resistance and blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
167
Decreases resistance and blood pressure
Vasodilation
168
A person with high blood pressure would have an worsened hypertension state in which case? Why?
Vasoconstriction due to increased resistance
169
A mechanism to enhance blood flow to areas of the body that are lacking oxygen and/or nutrients
Vasodilation
170
Causes a decrease in systemic vascular resistance and an increase in blood flow resulting in reduction of blood pressure
Vasodilation
171
How does vasoconstriction increase blood pressure?
When blood vessels become narrow it takes more pressure for the blood to travel through the blood vessels
172
Reduces the volume or space inside affected blood vessels
Vasoconstriction
173
When blood ___ ___ is lowered, blood ___ is reduced
Vessel volume; flow
174
Resistance or force of blood flow is raised
Vasoconstriction
175
Causes higher blood pressure
Vasoconstriction
176
A type of vascular disease where the blood vessels carrying oxygen away from the heart become damaged from factors such as high cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes and certain genetic influences
Arteriosclerosis
177
Which factors causes damage to the blood vessels in arteriosclerosis?
High cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, and certain genetic influences
178
The continuous and controlled movement of blood through the thousands of miles of capillaries that permeate every tissue and reach every cell in the body
Maintaining homeostasis
179
What two circuits is the cardiovascular system divided into?
Pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
180
Moves blood between the heart and lungs
Pulmonary circulation
181
Transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide; the oxygenated blood then flows back to the heart
Pulmonary circulation
182
Moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body
Systemic circulation
183
Where is the heart located?
In the thoracic cavity, in the space between both lungs inside the chest cavity
184
The heart is ___ to the lungs
Medial
185
The heart is ____ to the sternum
Posterior
186
The heart is ___ to the vertebral column
Anterior
187
The heart is ___ to the diaphragm
Superior
188
What is the size of the heart?
14 cm long; 9 cm wide
189
What is the approximate size & wieght of the heart?
The size of a person's fist & less than 1 pound
190
Covers the heart
Pericardium
191
Innermost layer
Visceral
192
Outermost layer
Parietal
193
Serous fluid found between visceral & parietal layers reduces friction
Pericardial fluid
194
Acts as mechanical protection for the heart and big vessels and a lubrication to reduce friction between the heart and the surrounding structures
Pericardium
195
Also known as visceral pericardium
Epicardium
196
Outside layer of connective tissue on surface of the heart
Epicardium
197
Thick wall of cardiac muscle
Myocardium
198
Inner epithelial & connective tissue lining of heart and valves
Endocardium
199
Outer wall joined with pericardium
Epicardium
200
The actual cardiac muscle that contracts
Myocardium
201
Lines heart chambers & vessels
Endocardium
202
What are the 4 chambers of the heart?
R/L atrium & R/L ventricle
203
Receives blood
Atrium
204
A smaller external chamber that the atria extends into
Auricle
205
Inferior to the atria
Ventricle
206
Expels blood out of the heart
Ventricle
207
What separates the left and right chambers?
Septum
208
Wall of cardiac muscle
Septum
209
How many chambers does a fish heart have?
2
210
How many chambers does an amphibian heart have?
3
211
How many chambers do birds and mammals hearts have?
4
212
How many valves does the human heart have?
4
213
What are the 4 valves?
Aortic valve, Tricuspid valve, Pulmonic valve, Mitral valve(Bicuspid)
214
What is the function of the valves?
To prevent the blood flowing backwards
215
What is the main difference between the aorta and vena cava?
The aorta carries oxygenated blood while the vena cava carries deoxygenated blood
216
The two main types of blood vessels attached to the heart
Aorta and vena cava
217
Main artery that leaves the heart through the left ventricle
Aorta
218
Carries oxygenated blood
Aorta
219
Carries deoxygenated blood
Vena cava
220
What is the difference between inferior and superior vena cava?
The inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower part of the body to the heart while the superior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the upper part of the body to the heart
221
What type of heart is the sheep heart?
Mammalian heart
222
How many chambers does the sheep heart have?
4
223
What is the blood flow of a sheep heart compared to a humans heart?
The same
224
What is the size of a sheep heart compared to a human heart?
About 1.5 times smaller than a human heart
225
Fat around the heart
Excessive pericardial fat
226
Increases the risk of developing heart failure especially in women, may lead to inflammatory processes
Excessive pericardial fat
227
A type of visceral fat, or fat around the organs
Pericardial fat
228
Causes inflammation which can lead to other health problems
Visceral fats
229
Cannot be detected by observation or a standard physical exam; best detected with a CT scan
Fatty heart
230
Expensive and exposes patients to small amounts of radiation
CT scan
231
A useful diagnostic tool for detecting diseases and injuries
Computed tomography (CT) scan
232
Uses a series of x-rays and a computer to produce a 3D image of soft tissues and bones
CT scan
233
What reductions improve cardiovascular health?
Caloric restriction & aerobic exercise
234
Can reduce pericardial fat
Aerobic exercise
235
Weight loss is induced by
Caloric restriction (CR)
236
The upper chambers of the heart
Atrium
237
A conical muscular pouch that arises from each atrium
Auricle
238
What is the main difference between the atrium and auricle?
The atrium is a compartment of the heart while the auricle is a small out-pouching of the atrium
239
A compartment of the heart
Atrium
240
A small out-pouching of the atrium
Auricle
241
Increases the holding capacity of the atria when needed but are not considered part of the main heart chamber
Auricles
242
Ear-shaped extensions of the atria
Auricles
243
One of the grooves that separates the ventricles of the heart; contains blood vessels
Anterior interventricular sulcus
244
Line goes towards the apex
Interventricular sulcus
245
Why is the left ventricle bigger?
It has to pump blood further around the body against higher pressure
246
Which ventricle is larger and thicker?
Left ventricle
247
Solitary arterial output from the right ventricle, transporting deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation
Pulmonary trunk/Main pulmonary artery
248
Positioned between the right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
249
Located between the left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
250
Also known as the bicuspid valve
Mitral valve
251
Thread-like bands of fibrous tissue which attach on one end to the edges of the tricuspid and mitral valves of the heart and on the other end to the papillary muscles
Chordae tendineae
252
Small muscles within the heart that serve to anchor the valves
Papillary muscles
