test2finalsemester

Question 1

subluxation definition and intervention

Answer 1

displacement of bone from its normal joint position to the extent that articulating surfaces partially lose contact

intervention is to reduce the frx

Question 2

dislocation definition and intervention

Answer 2

complete seperation or displacement of articulating surfaces - tx is urgent intervention due to decreased blood flow and risk of nerve injury

Question 3

orthopedic fracture classification:

commuinuted

Answer 3

bone breaks in two or splinter into more than two fragments

Question 4

displaced fracture

Answer 4

bone break in two or more parts and two ends don’t line up

Question 5

non displaced fracture

Answer 5

bone breaks but stays aligned

Question 6

avulsion:

Answer 6

bone fragment tears away from the main mass secondary to physical trauma

Question 7

compression frx

Answer 7

bone collapses generally in the vertebrae

Question 8

buckle

Answer 8

compression of 2 bones driven into eachother

Question 9

butterfly-

Answer 9

2 oblique fractures line meeting to create a large triangle or wedge shaped fragment between the proximal and distal fragments- looks like a butterfly

Question 10

greenstick or incomplete

Answer 10

bone is bent but not broken all the way through

Question 11

pathologic fracture

Answer 11

caused by disease

Question 12

articular

Answer 12

fracture that crosses the joint

Question 13

transverse

Answer 13

fracture line is perpendicular to the shaft of the bone

Question 14

spiral

Answer 14

break is on an angle through the bone

Question 15

stellate

Answer 15

lines of break radiate from a point at the sight of the injury

Question 16

stress or fatigue frx

Answer 16

hairline crack

Question 17

segmental

Answer 17

2 or more fracture lines that isolate a portion of the bone

Question 18

intraarticular fracture

Answer 18

extends into the joint

Question 19

intracapsular fracture

Answer 19

fracture within the joint capsule

Question 20

extracapsular fracture

Answer 20

fracture extends outside capsule

Question 21

supracondylar fracture

Answer 21

above condyles

Question 22

grade one fracture

Answer 22

wound is <1cm, minimal contamination

Question 23

grade two fracture

Answer 23

wound is >1cm moderate contamination

Question 24

grade three fracture

Answer 24

wound is greater than 6-8 cm, extensive damage to the soft tissue, nerve, and tendon, high degree of contamination.

Question 25

things seen on ortho exam

Answer 25

edema, discoloration, decreased ROM, deformity, crepitus, muscle spasm, protruding bone

Question 26

diagnostics for ortho

Answer 26

plain film of injury and joint above and below injury then CT, MRI and Labs

Question 27

Ortho management is depends on if frx is.....

Answer 27

open or closed

Question 28

ortho surgical intervention for closed reduction

Answer 28

manual manipulation to restore alignment of bone ends, followed by casts, splints, slings, swathes(?)

Question 29

casting 4 points

Answer 29

immobilize and support injured deformed and postoperative extremities, it protects and re-aligns bone it promotes healing and early weight bearing you can cast serially to prevent or correct deformities

Question 30

orthopedic frx sx intervention- traction types and countertraction

Answer 30

traction is - application of pulling force to injury or diseased part of body while countertraction- generally weight from the pt pulls i the other direction manual- using hands skin- pulling force on the skin skeletal- pulling on the bone itself

Question 31

external fixation

Answer 31

an immobilization that employs percutaneous transfixing pins or wires in bone attached to a rigid external frame - it allows a wide range of anatomic correction for congenital and aquired injuries

Question 32

ORIF

Answer 32

open reduction and internal fixation - surgical re-alignment of fragments and internal placement of pins, wires, plats screws etc

Question 33

frx healing process hematoma formation

Answer 33

1-3 days

Question 34

frx healing process granulation

Answer 34

3days to 2 weeks

Question 35

frx healing process callus formation

Answer 35

2-6 weeks

Question 36

frx healing process consolidation and ossification with remodeling

Answer 36

3 weeks to 6 months

Question 37

compartment syndrome definition | cause

Answer 37

increased pressure in muscle compartment of an extremity- cause by frx, hematoma, crush injuries , anabolic steroid use, constrictive bandages, re-established blood flow (sleeping on arm or post op vessel sx

Question 38

5 P's of compartment syndrome

Answer 38

``` pain pallor paresthesia pulselessness paralysis ```

Question 39

compartment syndrome history physical eval management

Answer 39

compartment syndrome History -known frx Physical- pain, palor, paresthesia, pulselessness, paralysis eval- compartment pressure managemnt with needle check pressure, have pt walk or run and recheck pressure. management is fachiotomy

Question 40

avascular necrosis

Answer 40

lack of blood to the bone causing death

Question 41

avascular necrosis causes

Answer 41

injury, racture, long term steroid use, excessive ETOH, fatty deposits in the blood vessels, sickle cell anemia, gauchers diseas

Question 42

risk factors for avascular necrosis

Answer 42

trauma, excessive steroid use, ETOH, biphosonate use, radiation therapy, pancreatitus, DM, HIV/Aids, gauchers disease, SLE, Sickel cell anemia

Question 43

avascular necrosis, prevention / complication

Answer 43

limit ETOH, monitor cholesterol, monitor steroid use, dont smoke complications -severe arthritis, bone collapse

Question 44

avascular necrosis | H/P

Answer 44

H/P- determine cause and risk factors | Physical - examine bones and joints, assess ROM

Question 45

avascular necrosis Evaluation

Answer 45

x-ray- normal in early stages, bone change in late stages | MRi, CT scan, Bone scan- damage shows up as bright spots

Question 46

Med management of avascular necrosis

Answer 46

Nsaids, alendronate- slows progression of disease, cholesterol lowering meds- decreases blockage- increasing the blood flow blood thinners, rest, exercise

Question 47

sx management -

Answer 47

core decompression, bone graft, osteotomy - reshapes the bone, joint replacement, regenerative med treatment- bone marrow aspirate and stem cells

Question 48

DJD- osteoarthritis- due to wear and tear mainly in high risk group

Answer 48

mainly in knees, hands, hips and spine | increased risk in women over 55

Question 49

risk factors of DJD

Answer 49

repetitive motion, infection, RA, Muscular dystrophy, osteoperosis, hormone disorders, onbesity, sickle cell, bone disorders

Question 50

DJD H/P

Answer 50

pt complains of pain, limited ROM, stifffness, loss of flexibility and swelling, releived with rest initially and when progressed you get no relief with rest physical- muscle and joit strength decreased obvious deformity decreased self care s/s of depression

Question 51

DJD eval

Answer 51

x-ray MRi/CT bone scan joint aspiration fro fluid analysis, arthroscopy to view joint.

Question 52

DJD management

Answer 52

pain management- Nsaids, narcs, cortisone, lube injection, weight loss, PT/OT, Joint replacement .