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Testicular & Ovarian Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major functions of reproductive organs?

A

Gametogenesis and secretion of hormones

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis produces _________ and occurs in _________

A

Spermatozoa; Sertoli cell in seminiferous tubules

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3
Q

Oogenesis produces _________ and occurs in _________

A

Ova; ovary

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4
Q

Testosterone in males is produced by

A

Leydig cells (interstitial cells) in interstitial tissue of the testis

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5
Q

In females, estrogen and progesterone are secreted by

A

theca and granulosa cells

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6
Q

At the end of mitosis, developing sperm cells are called

A

Spermatocytes

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7
Q

Human gametes contain how many chromosomes?

A

23

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8
Q

When does spermatogenesis begin?

A

At puberty

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9
Q

Germ cells

A

give rise to gametes

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10
Q

Germ cells exist in

A

embryonic gonads

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11
Q

Germ cell numbers are increased by

A

mitosis

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12
Q

Meiosis produces

A

primary, secondary, and haploid gametes

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13
Q

Mitotic proliferation in males yields

A

4 Primary spermatocyte from 1 spermatogonium

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14
Q

Primary spermatocytes have how many chromosomes?

A

46 (diploid, double strands)

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15
Q

The first meiotic division in males produces

A

Secondary spermatocytes (2 per primary spermatocyte)

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16
Q

Secondary spermatocytes have how many chromosomes?

A

23 (haploid, single strands)

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17
Q

The second meiotic division in males produces

A

Spermatids (2 per secondary spermatocyte)

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18
Q

Spermatids have how many chromosomes?

A

23 (haploid, single strand)

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19
Q

Spermatids give rise to

A

Spermatozoa

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20
Q

T/F Spermatozoa in the seminiferous tubules are fully mature

A

False; they have to travel from the seminiferious tubules in the testes out

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21
Q

Spermatozoa have how many chromosomes?

A

23 (haploid, double strands)

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22
Q

Oogenesis begins

A

in fetal life

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23
Q

After the first meiotic division, a primary oocyte has become

A

a secondary oocyte and a polar body

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24
Q

In females, mitotic proliferation of oogonia occurs

A

prior to birth

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25
At birth, the female has ______ oocytes
Primary
26
At birth, primary oocytes are arrested in
1st meioitic division
27
At birth, a female has how many primary oocytes?
~5 million
28
T/F Female gametogenesis is completed at ovulation
False; the second meiotic division only occurs after fertilization
29
Female gametogenesis is only completed if
the secondary oocyte is fertilized
30
At puberty, one primary oocyte
reaches maturity and completes the 1st meiotic division just prior to ovulation
31
Primary oocytes complete the 1st meiotic division
starting at puberty; just prior to ovulation every month until menopause
32
What is a polar body?
non-functional oocyte that degenerates
33
Polar bodies are generated from
primary oocytes (1st meiotic div) and secondary oocytes (2nd meiotic div)
34
Completion of the 1st meiotic division in females gives rise to
Secondary oocyte
35
Secondary oocytes have how many chromosomes?
23 (haploid, double strands)
36
Primary oocytes have how many chromosomes prior to completion of the 1st meiotic division?
46 (diploid, double strands)
37
Primary oocytes have how many chromosomes following completion of the 1st meiotic division?
23 (diploid, double strands)
38
Mature ova have how many chromosomes?
23ss (ova) + 23ss (sperm) = 46 chromosomes
39
T/F Secondary oocytes mature independently to mature ova
False; mature ova only arise AFTER fertilization with sperm
40
1 primary oocyte gives rise to _______, cf 1 primary spermatocyte gives rise to _______
1 mature ovum; 4 mature sperm
41
In females, estrogen and progesterone are produced by
follicular cells and the corpus luteum
42
GnRH from the hypothalamus stimulates
FSH and LH secretion from the anterior pituitary
43
What are the peptide hormones produced by the gonads in response to LH and FSH?
inhibin and activin
44
Aromatase converts
testosterone to estradiol
45
The more biologically active form of testosterone is
dihydrotestosterone, DHT
46
DHT is produced from testosterone by
5alpha-reductase
47
In males, the primary target for FSH is
Sertoli cells (spermatogenesis)
48
In males, the primary target for LH is
Leydig cells (testosterone production)
49
The scrotum contains
testis, epididymis, and vas deferens
50
The testis contains
coiled seminiferous tubules
51
Maturation of sperm occurs in the
epididymis
52
The vas deferens travels from
the epididymis to the seminal vesicles
53
Sertoli cells are located
within the seminiferous tubules, surrounding and supporting the sperm
54
Spermatogenisis occurs in which cells?
Sertoli
55
What is the role of the interstitial tissues in the STs?
supporting spermatogenesis; Leydig cells produce testosterone and capillaries deliver nutrients/remove wastes
56
T/F Testosterone secretion from the testes is continuous from birth
False; it is continuous from puberty
57
What is the pathway of testosterone secretion?
GnRH --> LH --> Leydig cells --> testosterone --> sex characteristics
58
What is the pathway of spermatocyte maturation?
GnRH --> FSH --> Sertoli cells --> spermatocyte maturation
59
What is the role of inhibin?
Acts by long and short loop feedback to regulate FSH and testosterone
60
Spermatogenesis is driven by which hormone?
Testosterone
61
What are the non-reproductive actions of testosterone?
protein anabolic effects, bone growth, closure of epiphyses, sebaceous gland secretions
62
What are the components of semen?
Sperm, mucus, water, buffers, nutrients (fructose, citric acid, vitC, carnitine), enzymes, zinc, prostaglandins
63
What do the STs contribute to semen?
sperm
64
What do the bulbourethral glands contribute to semen?
mucus (lubricant), water, buffers to neutralize acid in vagina
65
What does the prostate gland contribute to semen?
buffers to neutralize acid in vagina, nutrients (citric acid), enzymes to clot semen in vagina then liquefy it
66
What do the seminal vesicles contribute to semen?
nutrients (fructose and vitC), water, enzymes to clot and liequefy semen in vagina, prostaglandins to facilitate smooth muscle contraction and transport of sperm
67
What does the epididymis contribute to sperm?
Carnitine
68
In males, FSH acts on ________ to cause ________ and produce _______ which feeds back on ________
Sertoli cells; cause spermatogenesis; produce androgen binding protein and inhibin which negatively feeds back on FSH
69
Inhibin in males is produced in _____ in response to _____
Sertoli cells; FSH - negatively feeds back on FSH
70
In males, LH acts on _______ to produce ________ which acts on _________ to stimulate _________
Leydig cells; testosterone; Sertoli cells; spermatogenesis
71
T/F Spermatogenesis is driven solely by testosterone and can occur in the absence of FSH
False; both testosterone and FSH effects on Sertoli cells are needed to drive spermatogenesis
72
Testosterone feeds back on
GnRH and LH secretion
73
What is andropause?
Lower levels of testosterone in ~50% men with ageing; may affect general and reproductive and sexual functions
74
Menses refers to
sloughing off of the endometrium
75
What occurs during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle?
new uterine lining forms
76
The menstrual cycle begins at
puberty; interrupted by pregnancy and terminated by menopause
77
What are the two phases of the menstrual cycle?
Follicular/Proliferative and Luteal/Secretory
78
The follicular/proliferative phase is dominated by what hormones?
Estrogen
79
The luteal/secretory phase is dominated by what hormones?
Progesterone and estrogen
80
Estrogen controls which secondary sex characteristics in females?
Breast development and distribution of body fat
81
Adrenal androgens control which secondary sex characteristics in females?
Growth of pubic and axillary hair, sex drive
82
T/F The fallopian tube is physically connected to the uterus and the ovary
False; it is connected to the uterus but NOT the ovary
83
Endometrium is located
lining the inner uterine wall
84
What is the role of the endometrium?
Thickens and is shed monthly with menstruation
85
Myometrium is located
between the endometrium and the outer connective tissue of the uterine wall
86
What is the function of the myometrium?
Muscle layer that contracts to expel the baby

Reproduction (11 decks)

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