testing

Question 1

(Alsagoff) Cultural Orientation Model

Answer 1

is the use of language as a cultural resource to index a localist orientation or a globalist orientation’

Whilst a globalist orientation is associated with economic capital, authority, formality, distance and educational attainment, a localist orientation is associated with socio-cultural capital, camaraderie, informality, closeness and community membership.

Question 2

(Bourdieu) linguistic capital

Answer 2

is a form of cultural capital, where one’s proficiency in a particular language variety will predetermine their access to socio-economic opportunities and their social status

Question 3

(Eckert & McConnell-Ginet) community of practice

Answer 3

is an aggregate of people are mutually engaged in some common endeavour and who come to develop shared linguistic norms

Question 4

(Ferguson) diglossia

Answer 4

is a relatively stable situation in which two varieties of the same language, a H-variety and a L-variety, serve distinct socio-linguistic functions’

Question 5

(Fishman) domain

Answer 5

is an institutional context that is often associated with a particular language variety based on place, subject and the role-relations of the participants’

Question 6

(Giles) accommodation

Answer 6

is a theoretical framework that explains how one’s linguistic choices are informed by their need to negotiate the social distance between them and their audience

Question 7

(Giles) convergence

Answer 7

is the attempt to adapt one’s linguistic choices to be more similar to that of their audience so as to narrow the social distance between them

Question 8

(Giles) divergence

Answer 8

is the attempt to adapt one’s linguistic choices to be more different to that of their audience so as to widen the social distance between them

Question 9

(Halliday) register

Answer 9

is a variety of language that corresponds to a variety of situation - that is, variation according to use

Question 10

(Hill) appropriation

Answer 10

is an attempt to adopt linguistic resources from a speech community without their consent with the intent of indexing the desirable qualities that are associated with them

Question 11

(Hymes) communicative competence

Answer 11

is the ability to produce and understand language use that is appropriate to a particular sociolinguistic situation

Question 12

(Hymes) linguistic competence

Answer 12

is the ability to produce and understand language use that is grammatically correct

Question 13

(Hymes) creole

Answer 13

is a language variety with a lexicon and a grammar that is suited to a full range of sociolinguistic functions and that has become the first language of a speech community

Question 14

(Hymes) pidgin

Answer 14

is a language variety with a lexicon and a grammar that is suited to a restricted range of sociolinguistic functions and that is used only as an auxiliary language

Question 15

(Labov) covert prestige

Answer 15

is the relative value that is accorded to a non-standard language variety from bottom-up by its users

Question 16

(Labov) overt prestige

Answer 16

is the relative value that is accorded to a standard language variety from top-down by social institutions

Question 17

(Labov) speech community

Answer 17

is a group of speakers who share a set of linguistic norms regarding their use of language

Question 18

(Smith & Nelson) intelligibility

Answer 18

is the degree to which a word/utterance can be recognised as a word/utterance in a particular language

Question 19

(Smith & Nelson) comprehensibility

Answer 19

is the degree to which the semantic meaning of a word/utterance can be recognised

Question 20

(Smith & Nelson) interpretability

Answer 20

is the degree to which the pragmatic meaning of a word/utterance can be recognised

Example: The interpretability of sarcasm can be challenging in written communication.

Question 21

(Alsagoff) linguistic glocalisation

Answer 21

is the linguistic situation where English is used both as a global language of business and as a local language expressing particular socio-cultural identities and realities

Additional information: This term reflects the blending of global and local influences on language use.

Question 22

(Gupta) leaky diglossia

Answer 22

is a linguistic situation where two varieties of the same language that previously served distinct socio-linguistic functions are now used in the same communicative context

Question 23

(Jakobson) phatic communication

Answer 23

is the use of language to index social relationships rather than to communicate information to one’s audience

Question 24

(Kachru) Three Circles Model

Answer 24

is a theoretical framework that divides the speakers of English into three categories based on the language’s socio-linguistic function and their linguistic influence

Question 25

(Kachru) Inner Circle

Answer 25

is a term describing countries where English is used in public as an official language and in private as a mother tongue and whose speakers are norm-providing

Question 26

(Kachru) Outer Circle

Answer 26

is a term describing countries where English is used in public as an official language and in private as an inter-ethnic lingua franca and whose speakers are norm-developing

Question 27

(Kachru) Expanding Circle

Answer 27

is a term describing countries where English is used in public as a professional language but not in private and whose speakers are norm-dependent

Question 28

(Pakir) Expanding Triangles of Expression

Answer 28

is a theoretical framework that explains how one's style of language varies based on the proficiency of the speaker and the formality of the socio-linguistic situation

Question 29

(Pakir) formality cline

Answer 29

is the degree to which a socio-linguistic situation necessitates the use of a formal register, which can be sub-divided into Formal, Careful, Consultative, Casual and Intimate

Question 30

(Pakir) proficiency cline

Answer 30

is the degree to which a speaker is proficient in a language, which can be sub-divided into Advanced, Adept, Intermediate, Basic and Rudimentary

Question 31

(Schneider) Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes

Answer 31

is a theoretical framework that explains how language varieties might evolve over time in Outer Circle countries' ## Footnote Additional information: This model focuses on the development of English in post-colonial contexts.

Question 32

(Schneider) foundation

Answer 32

is the first stage that is characterised by limited language contact between the local languages and English from colonialism with both remaining distinct

Question 33

(Schneider) exonormative stabilisation

Answer 33

is the second stage that is characterised by increasing language contact between the local languages and English with there being increasing lexical influence from the latter

Question 34

(Schneider) nativisation

Answer 34

is the third stage that is characterised by widespread language contact between the local languages and English with the emergence of a distinct new language variety

Question 35

(Schneider) endonormative stabilisation

Answer 35

is the fourth stage that is characterised by the stabilisation and growing acceptance of the distinct new language variety amongst wider society

Question 36

(Schneider) differentiation

Answer 36

is the shift from one language variety to another based on the changing needs of the socio-linguistic situation

Question 37

(Gumperz) code-switching

Answer 37

is the stage where a language variety is chosen as the norm

Question 38

(Haugen) language planning - selection

Answer 38

is the stage where the language variety that is chosen as the norm undergoes standardisation to ensure minimal variation in form and maximum variation in function

Question 39

(Haugen) language planning - codification

Answer 39

is the stage where the learning materials and media artefacts for the teaching and the transmission of the language variety that is chosen as the norm are developed

Question 40

(Haugen) language planning - elaboration

Answer 40

is the stage where the language variety that is chosen as the norm is put into use in official social institutions and begins to be taught formally in educational institutions

Question 41

(Haugen) language planning - implementation

Answer 41

This is based on four factors in the socio-political background of a country, the identity construction of its users, the socio-linguistic conditions of a country as well as the linguistic effects of New Englishes in the country

Question 42

is the degree to which the pragmatic meaning of a word/utterance can be recognised

Answer 42

(Smith & Nelson) interpretability

Question 43

is the linguistic situation where English is used both as a global language of business and as a local language expressing particular socio-cultural identities and realities

Answer 43

(Alsagoff) linguistic glocalisation

Question 44

is a linguistic situation where two varieties of the same language that previously served distinct socio-linguistic functions are now used in the same communicative context

Answer 44

(Gupta) leaky diglossia

Question 45

is the use of language to index social relationships rather than to communicate information to one's audience

Answer 45

(Jakobson) phatic communication

Question 46

is a theoretical framework that divides the speakers of English into three categories based on the language's socio-linguistic function and their linguistic influence

Answer 46

(Kachru) Three Circles Model

Question 47

is a term describing countries where English is used in public as an official language and in private as a mother tongue and whose speakers are norm-providing

Answer 47

(Kachru) Inner Circle

Question 48

is a term describing countries where English is used in public as an official language and in private as an inter-ethnic lingua franca and whose speakers are norm-developing

Answer 48

(Kachru) Outer Circle

Question 49

is a term describing countries where English is used in public as a professional language but not in private and whose speakers are norm-dependent

Answer 49

(Kachru) Expanding Circle

Question 50

is a theoretical framework that explains how one's style of language varies based on the proficiency of the speaker and the formality of the socio-linguistic situation

Answer 50

(Pakir) Expanding Triangles of Expression

Question 51

is the degree to which a socio-linguistic situation necessitates the use of a formal register, which can be sub-divided into Formal, Careful, Consultative, Casual and Intimate

Answer 51

(Pakir) formality cline

Question 52

is the degree to which a speaker is proficient in a language, which can be sub-divided into Advanced, Adept, Intermediate, Basic and Rudimentary

Answer 52

(Pakir) proficiency cline

Question 53

is a theoretical framework that explains how language varieties might evolve over time in Outer Circle countries'

Answer 53

(Schneider) Dynamic Model of Post-Colonial Englishes

Question 54

is the first stage that is characterised by limited language contact between the local languages and English from colonialism with both remaining distinct

Answer 54

(Schneider) foundation

Question 55

is the second stage that is characterised by increasing language contact between the local languages and English with there being increasing lexical influence from the latter

Answer 55

(Schneider) exonormative stabilisation

Question 56

is the third stage that is characterised by widespread language contact between the local languages and English with the emergence of a distinct new language variety

Answer 56

(Schneider) nativisation

Question 57

is the fourth stage that is characterised by the stabilisation and growing acceptance of the distinct new language variety amongst wider society

Answer 57

(Schneider) endonormative stabilisation

Question 58

is the shift from one language variety to another based on the changing needs of the socio-linguistic situation

Answer 58

(Schneider) differentiation

Question 59

is the stage where a language variety is chosen as the norm

Answer 59

(Gumperz) code-switching

Question 60

is the stage where the language variety that is chosen as the norm undergoes standardisation to ensure minimal variation in form and maximum variation in function

Answer 60

(Haugen) language planning - selection

Question 61

is the stage where the learning materials and media artefacts for the teaching and the transmission of the language variety that is chosen as the norm are developed

Answer 61

(Haugen) language planning - codification

Question 62

is the stage where the language variety that is chosen as the norm is put into use in official social institutions and begins to be taught formally in educational institutions

Answer 62

(Haugen) language planning - elaboration

Question 63

This is based on four factors in the socio-political background of a country, the identity construction of its users, the socio-linguistic conditions of a country as well as the linguistic effects of New Englishes in the country

Answer 63

(Haugen) language planning - implementation