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Physics A level > Testing and looking inside material > Flashcards

Testing and looking inside material Flashcards

(57 cards)

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1
Q

Definition of strong

A

Takes a large stress to break

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2
Q

Definition of hard

A

Resistant to dents and scratches

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3
Q

Definition of tough

A

Can undergo a lot of plastic deformation after passing its elastic limit before breaking

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4
Q

Definition of brittle

A

Can only undergo little plastic deformations after passing its elastic limit before breaking

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5
Q

Definition of stiff

A

Is difficult to bend

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6
Q

Definition of malleable

A

Can easily be hammered or pressed into shape

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7
Q

Definition of ductile

A

Can easily be drawn into a wire

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8
Q

Units of strength

A

Pa

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9
Q

Units of hardness

A

Pa

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10
Q

Units of stress

A

Pa

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11
Q

Units of UTS

A

Pa

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12
Q

Units of toughness

A

Jm^-2

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13
Q

Equation for young modulus

A

stress/strain

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14
Q

Equation for stress

A

Force / area

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15
Q

Equation for strain

A

extension / length

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16
Q

Equation for UTS

A

maximum load / original area

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17
Q

Equation for the energy stored in a spring

A

Work done = 1/2ke^2

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18
Q

How do you find the energy stored in a spring from a force extension graph?

A

It’s the area under the line

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19
Q

Definition of elastic

A

A material that is able to regain its shape after being distorted

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20
Q

Definition of plastic

A

A material that has a low elastic limit and beyond that limit it doesn’t regain its original length/shape

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21
Q

Definition of yield strength

A

The amount of stress at which a material begins to deform plastically

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22
Q

What does Hooke’s Law say?

A

Force is proportional to extension, as long as the elastic limit is not exceeded

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23
Q

What is the equation linked to Hooke’s Law?

Study These Flashcards
A

Force = spring constant X extension

24
Q

In Hooke’s Law, what does the spring constant show?

Study These Flashcards
A

Shows how much force it takes to stretch a material (larger spring constant = stiffer material)

25
What does crystalline mean?
That particles in a material are arranged in a regular pattern
26
What does polycrystalline mean?
That within each grain of a material there is an ordered structure, but the orientation of each grain is random/disordered
27
What does amorphous mean?
That a material has a disordered internal structure and a random orientation of each grain
28
Definition of a lattice
A regular, repeated 3D arrangement of atoms/molecules in a crystalline solid
29
Do bigger or smaller grains give a less efficiently packed material and why?
Bigger - because the grains can't get as close to each other and so have bigger gaps in between
30
Are metallic bonds directional or non directional?
Non-directional
31
How strong are metallic bonds compared to ionic and covalent?
Similar to ionic, weaker than covalent
32
Why do cracks blunten in metals?
- Because they are ductile so the crack 'stretches' sideways. - And the layers absorb energy so extra would be needed to affect another layer
33
Why are metals tough?
Their atoms are forced tightly together by their sea of electrons. The -ve mobile electrons keep the +ve ions in place.
34
Why are metals stiff?
They have strong electrostatic attraction between the sea of electrons and ion lattice, forming strong metallic bonds
35
What is UTS?
Ultimate tensile strength = the max stress a material can withstand before breaking
36
Definition of yield stress (not yield strength)
The point at which a large amount of plastic deformation takes place with a constant load
37
How does a material behave past its elastic limit?
It behaves plastically - would no longer return to its original shape once the stress was removed
38
Why and how are alloys made?
- Use atoms from a dif. metal to fill in dislocations - Increases stress needed to cause a slip - Makes the metal harder and less ductile
39
What type of lattice do metals usually form?
A crystalline lattice
40
What makes a metal stiff?
The electrostatic attraction between the ion lattice and free electrons form strong metallic bonds, making it hard to bend/stretch
41
What makes a metal tough?
The strongly bonded lattice structure
42
What makes a metal ductile?
The ions being able to move in the lattice when a force is applied
43
What makes a metal hardER?
Alloying: fill dislocations in a metal with atoms from a dif. metal to make it harder for planes to slip as they require more stress
44
What is alloying?
Filling dislocations in a metal with atoms from a dif. metal so that a greater stress is needed for planes to slip to strengthen a metal
45
What happens to a metal's microstructure when a force is applied to it?
The interatomic spacing between ions increases uniformly during elastic deformation. Once the stress is large enough for plastic deformation, the planes slip over each other
46
What makes a metal need less stress than normal for its type to cause slipping?
If it has dislocations (is an imperfect metal)
47
What type of lattice do ceramics form?
Mostly crystalline or polycrystalline, but sometimes amorphous
48
What makes a ceramic more likely to have an amorphous structure and why?
If the molten ceramic is cooled very quickly; the atoms don't have time to arrange regularly
49
What features of a ceramic's microstructure make them easy to fracture?
Their random atomic bonding means the lattice has no slip planes or mobile dislocations
50
What makes a ceramic stiff?
Their strong bonds between atoms
51
What type(s) of bonds do ceramics form?
Ionic or covalent
52
What type of bonds to polymers make?
Covalent bonds
53
What is a polymer?
A molecular chain made up of repeated monomers
54
Polymer chains are often entangled, what makes them flexible?
The chains can be unravelled by rotating the monomers about their bonds when you pull them
55
What are the 2 things the flexibility of a polymer dependent on?
- How easily the monomers rotate about their bonds | - The strength and number of bonds between the chains
56
Give an example of two materials together which make a composite material and name the composite material
e.g. steel + concrete make reinforced concrete | steel + glass make safety glass
57
Give an example of two materials together which make a composite material and name the composite material
e.g. steel + concrete make reinforced concrete | steel + glass make safety glass

Physics A level (7 decks)

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