Textbook (1.1 and 1.2)

Question 1

The multidisciplinary study of how people change and how they remain the same over time:

Answer 1

Human Development

Question 2

A person’s development is a blend of these characteristics (3):

Answer 2

1. Nature and nurture
2. Continuity and discontinuity
3. Universal and context-specific development

Question 3

Whether a particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression throughout the lifespan or a series of abrupt shifts:

Answer 3

Continuity-Discontinuity Issue

Question 4

Whether there is just one path of development or several paths:

Answer 4

Universal Versus Context-Specific Development Issue

Question 5

A useful way to organize the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces on human development:

Answer 5

Biopsychosocial Framework

Question 6

The study of the brain and nervous system, especially in terms of brain-behavior relationships:

Answer 6

Neuroscience

Question 7

An organized set of ideas that is designed to explain development:

Answer 7

Theory

Question 8

Who came up with the theory that personality emerges from conflicts that children experience between what they want to do and what society wants them to do?

Answer 8

Freud

Question 9

Concentrates on how learning influences a person’s behavior (Behaviorism and Social Learning Theory):

Answer 9

Learning Theory

Question 10

Theories proposing that development is largely determined by how well people resolve conflicts they face at different ages:

Answer 10

Psychodynamic Theories

Question 11

Erikson’s proposal that personality development is determined by the interaction of an internal maturational plan and external societal demands:

Answer 11

Psychosocial Theory

Question 12

Erikson’s 8 stages:

Answer 12

1. Trust vs. Mistrust
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
3. Initiative vs. Guilt
4. Industry vs. Inferiority
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
6. Intimacy vs. Isolation
7. Generativity vs. Stagnation
8. Integrity vs. Despair

Question 13

In Erikson’s theory; the idea that each psychological strength has its own period of particular importance:

Answer 13

Epigenetic Principle

Question 14

The consequences of a behavior determine whether a behavior is repeated in the future:

Answer 14

Behaviorism

Question 15

A consequence that increases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows:

Answer 15

Reinforcement

Question 16

A consequence that decreases the future likelihood of the behavior that it follows:

Answer 16

Punishment

Question 17

Learning that occurs by simply watching how others behave:

Answer 17

Social Learning Theory/Observational Theory

Question 18

People’s beliefs about their own abilities and talents:

Answer 18

Self-Efficacy

Question 19

The key is how people think and how thinking changes over time (Piaget’s theory, information-processing theory, and Vygotsky’s theory):

Answer 19

Cognitive-Developmental Theory

Question 20

Who believed that throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence, youngsters want to understand the workings of both the physical and the social world?

Answer 20

Piaget

Question 21

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development:

Answer 21

1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational Thought
3. Concrete Operational Thought
4. Formal Operational Thought

Question 22

Infant’s knowledge of the world is based on senses and motor skills; by the end of the period, child has mental representation:

Answer 22

Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 years)

Question 23

Child learns how to use symbols such as words and numbers to represent aspects of the world but relates to the world only through his or her perspective:

Answer 23

Pre-operational Thought (2 to 6 years)

Question 24

Child understands and applies logical operations to experiences provided they are focused on the here and now:

Answer 24

Concrete Operational Thought (7 years to early adolescence)

Question 25

Adolescent or adult thinks abstractly, deals with hypothetical situations, and speculates about what may be possible:

Answer 25

Formal Operational Thought (Adolescence and beyond)

Question 26

A theory proposing that human cognition consists of mental hardware and mental software:

Answer 26

Information-Processing Theory

Question 27

Refers to cognitive structures, including different memories where information is stored:

Answer 27

Mental Hardware

Question 28

Includes organized sets of cognitive processes that enable people to complete tasks:

Answer 28

Mental Software

Question 29

Who emphasized the influence of children’s sociocultural context on their thinking?

Answer 29

Lev Vygotsky

Question 30

Who proposed that the developing person is embedded in a series of complex and interactive systems?

Answer 30

Urie Bronfenbrenner

Question 31

The people and objects in an individual’s immediate environment:

Answer 31

Microsystem

Question 32

Provides connections across microsystems:

Answer 32

Mesosystem

Question 33

The social settings that a person may not experience firsthand but that still influence development:

Answer 33

Exosystem

Question 34

The cultures and subcultures in which the microsystem, mesosystem, and exosystem are embedded:

Answer 34

Macrosystem

Question 35

A person’s abilities:

Answer 35

Competence

Question 36

The demands put on an individual by the environment:

Answer 36

Environmental Press

Question 37

A theory based on the idea that human development is inseparable from the environmental contexts in which a person develops:

Answer 37

Ecological Theory

Question 38

The view that human development is multiply determined and cannot be understood within the scope of a single framework:

Answer 38

Life-span Perspective

Question 39

Development involves both growth and decline; as people grow in one area, they may decline in another and at different rates:

Answer 39

Multidirectionality

Question 40

Capacity is not predetermined. Many skills can be learned or improved with practice, even in late life:

Answer 40

Plasticity

Question 41

People develop within a particular set of circumstances determined by the historical time in which they are born and the culture in which they grow up:

Answer 41

Historical Context

Question 42

Development results from the biological, psychological, sociocultural, and life-cycle forces that we mentioned previously:

Answer 42

Multiple Causation

Question 43

The model in which three processes form a system of behavioral action that generates and regulates development and aging:

Answer 43

Selective Optimization with Compensation Model

Question 44

Involves continuing previous goals on a lesser scale or substituting new goals, and it may be either proactive or reactive:

Answer 44

Selection

Question 45

Occurs when people’s skills have decreased so that they no longer function well in a particular domain. When they compensate, they search for an alternative way to accomplish the goal:

Answer 45

Compensation

Question 46

Involves finding the best match possible between resources (biological, psychological, and sociocultural) and desired goals:

Answer 46

Optimization

Question 47

The ways in which various generations experience the biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces of development in their respective historical contexts:

Answer 47

Life-Course Perspective