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Neuro 4 Mine > Thalamus and Limbic System > Flashcards

Thalamus and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

Thalamic Relay (TR) Neurons

A
  • located in thalamus
  • receive input from sensory system
  • relay sensory information to cortex via Glu in layer 4 of cortex
  • ex. LGN and visual sense
  • awake: ~-55mV, depolarized when neurons fire high frequency action potentials
  • sleep: slow wave stage inhibits TR neurons by releasing GABA, ~85mV, fire in bursts of action on top of Ca++ spike (Ca spike happens with 3Hz frequency)
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2
Q

T Type Ca Channel

A
  • voltage gated
  • found in thalamic relay neuron
  • has activation gate (closed at /80mV) and inactivation gate (open at -80mV)
  • movement of gates is very slow
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3
Q

Optogenetics

A
  • used in mouse models to control seizures

- channelrhodopsin: blue light opens and depolarizes cell

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4
Q

Dorsomedian (DM) Nucleus of Thalamus

A

-to frontal associated cortex

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5
Q

Anterior Nucleus of Thalamus

A

-to cingulate gyrus of cortex

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6
Q

VA/VL Nucleus of Thalamus

A

-to motor cortex

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7
Q

VPM/VPL Nucleus of Thalmus

A

-to somatosensory cortex

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8
Q

Pulvinar Nucleus of Thalamus

A

-to parieto-occipital associated cortex

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9
Q

LGN of Thalamus

A
  • to visual cortex

- incoming optic tract

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10
Q

MGN of Thalamus

A
  • to auditory cortex

- incoming inferior brachium

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11
Q

General Concepts of Thalamocortical Connections

A
  • all connections are reciprocal

- R thalamus deals with L side of body and interacts with R cortex

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12
Q

Centromedian Nucleus of Thalamus

A

-motor

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13
Q

Reticular Nucleus of Thalamus

A
  • a sheet of cells on lateral surface of thalamus

- primarily inhibitory interneurons with connections to all the other nuclei

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14
Q

Papez Circuit

A
  • limbic system circuit
  • memory
  • mammilary body -> anterior n. -> cingulate gyrus -> hippocampus (all connected by fornix?)
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15
Q

Amygdala

A
  • Limbic System Circuit
  • emtion
  • outputs: BNST, septal area, hypothalamus, thalamus
  • involved in: fear, motivation, attention, sexual drive
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16
Q

Output of Hippocampus

A

-CA1 and CA3 through the fornix (basis for long term memory consolidation)

17
Q

NMDA Receptors

A
  • to open, requires tetanus and Ca

- involved in learning

18
Q

Condition Flavored Aversion

A
  • applies to odor and taste

- novel stimulus paired with negative stimulus up to half an hour afterward will cause avoidance of novel stimulus

19
Q

Procedural Memory

A
  • memory of how to accomplish tasks (motor memory)
  • HM was not aware he had procedural memory
  • frontal cortex, basal ganglia
20
Q

Feedforward Mechanisms

A

-predict appetitive v. aversive events and engage more complex behaviors accordingly

21
Q

Insula

A
  • links between insula, VMPFC, and amygdala relate these senses to emotion
  • constitues primary olfactory, gustatory, and visceral sensory cortex
22
Q

Channelrhodopsin-2

A

-Na/K channel

23
Q

Halorhodopsin

A

-Cl channel

24
Q

Amygdala

A

-links aversive and appetitive stimuli with physiologic responses, action patterns, perceptions, and predictions

25
Q

VMPFC and Ventral Striatum

A

-critical for generating and reinforcing predictions about risks and rewards associated with actions

26
Q

Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA)

A
  • reward, punishment, salience in various subregions
  • releases DA in response to errors in predictions
  • signals contribute to synaptic plasticity and associative learning in the amygdala, ventral striatum, and VMPFC
  • VTA activation releases DA onto nucleus accumbens neurons, pleasure perceived and identifies stimulating activity as one to be repeated
27
Q

Iowa Gambling Task

A
  • people with damaged orbitofrontal cortex had impaired ability to estimate the risk/reward associated with certain behaviors
  • implies suppression of behaviors felt to be excessively risky, esp in context of social situations (ex. “gut feeling”)
28
Q

Mesolimbic Pathway

A

-subserve the integration of sensory input and motor responses with affective or emotional data

29
Q

Mesocortical Pathway

A

-involved in communication and social abilities

30
Q

Nigrostriatal Pathway

A

-part of basal ganglia (aka extrapyramidal tract) plays a central role in planned, coordinated movement

31
Q

Tuberoinfuncibular Pathway

A

-hypothalamic neurons release DA in pituitary to inhibit prolactin release

32
Q

Stria Terminalis

A
  • a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus
  • Serving as a major output pathway of the amygdala, the stria terminalis runs from its centromedial division to the ventral medial nucleus of the hypothalamus.
33
Q

Kluver Blucy Syndrome

A
  • a syndrome resulting from bilateral lesions of the anterior temporal lobe (including amygdaloid nucleus)
  • may present with hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, visual agnosia, and docility
34
Q

Red Nucleus

A
  • projects to spine

- comes from contralateral cerebellum

Neuro 4 Mine (14 decks)

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