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4th Quarter Exams > Thanatochemistry Exam 2 > Flashcards

Thanatochemistry Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 Selected Elements are?

A
  1. Hydrogen
  2. Halogens
  3. Nitrogen
  4. Oxygen
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2
Q

it is the most abundant element in the UNIVERSE

does NOT contain any neutrons

A

Hydrogen

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3
Q

in its ionic state is a non-metal
has 7 valence electrons (outer most shell)
Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine
diatomic ions- stable

A

Halogens

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4
Q

used primarily as a bleaching agent & disinfectant

A

Chlorine

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5
Q

it is the most abundant element in the ATMOSPHERE

A

Nitrogen

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6
Q

most abundant element on the SURFACE of the EARTH
present in the air we breathe
most reactive element in the air

A

Oxygen

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7
Q

4 characteristics of water

A
  1. Hardness
  2. Hydrates
  3. Hydrolysis
  4. Dehydration (desiccation)
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8
Q

the condition of water that results from dissolved minerals and metallic ions such as calcium and magnesium

A

hardness

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9
Q

hardness that can be removed by boiling and is due to the presence of bicarbonate salts of calcium and magnesium

A

temporary hardness of water

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10
Q

hardness that cannot be removed by boiling, the addition of chemicals to be used, is caused by the chloride and sulfate salts of calcium and magnesium

A

permanent hardness of water

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11
Q

a compound in which there is a chemical union between water and certain substances when they crystallize

A

hydrates

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12
Q

the splitting or tearing apart of compounds by the addition of water; a chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water; a reaction between a salt and water to yield an acid and base of unequal strengths

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

the removal or loss of water from a substance i.e. putting a teaspoon of granulated salt into water

A

dehydration (desiccation)

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of Ionization

A
  1. Cation
  2. Anion
  3. pH
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15
Q

a dissociation of a substance in solution into ions

A

ionization

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16
Q

a positively charged atom or group of atoms

A

Cation

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17
Q

a negatively charged atom or group of atoms

A

Anion

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18
Q

the measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution; percentage of hydrogen ion in solution, scale ranges from 0-14 Neutral is 7 above 7 is basic/alkaline below 7 is acidic

A

pH

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19
Q

pH level is determined by testing it on what?

A

Litmus paper

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20
Q

if blue litmus paper turns red it would determine that the pH is

A

Below 7 and acidic

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21
Q

if red litmus paper turns blue it would determine that the pH is

A

above 7 and basic/alkaline

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22
Q

if red or blue litmus paper turns white it would determine that the pH is

A

Neutral or 7

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23
Q

the reaction of an acid and a base to produce salt and water; example ammonia

A

Neutralization

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24
Q

how do you neutralize a cavity spill

A

ammonia

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25
Q

CH2O is the chemical formula for

A

formaldehyde

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26
Q

a substance, other than water that will be formed in a reaction between an acid and a base

A

Salts

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27
Q

substance which yield hydrogen and hydronium ions in solution (in aqueous solution)

A

acids- Arrhenius

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28
Q

acids which denotes a proton, a FALSE theory

A

acids: Bronsted-Lowery

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29
Q

acids that accept a pair of electrons

A

acids- Lewis

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30
Q

yields hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution

A

bases- Arrhenius

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31
Q

a substance that accepts or gains a proton, a FALSE theory

A

bases: Bronsted- Lowery

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32
Q

a substance that denotes a pair of electrons

A

bases-Lewis

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33
Q

sometimes a group of atoms behaves as if it were a single atoms, this group has its own charge and name ?

A

Radical or Polyatomic ion

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34
Q

NH4

A

Ammonium

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35
Q

Ammonium has a charge of

A

+ 1

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36
Q

HCO3

A

Bicarbonate

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37
Q

Bicarbonate has a charge of

A
  • 1
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38
Q

OH

A

Hydroxide

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39
Q

Hydroxide has a charge of

A
  • 1
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40
Q

NO3

A

Nitrate

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41
Q

Nitrate has a charge of

A
  • 1
42
Q

NO2

A

Nitrite

43
Q

Nitrite has a charge of

A
  • 1
44
Q

CO3

A

Carbonate

45
Q

Carbonate has a charge of

A
  • 2
46
Q

SO4

A

Sulfate

47
Q

Sulfate has a charge of

A
  • 2
48
Q

PO4

A

Phosphate

49
Q

Phosphate has a charge of

A
  • 3
50
Q

CN

A

Cyanide

51
Q

Cyanide has a charge of

A
  • 1
52
Q

OCl

A

Hypochlorite

53
Q

Hypochlorite has a charge of

A
  • 1
54
Q

T/F Solutions (crystalloids) are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances

A

TRUE

55
Q

an __________ solution is one which contains water

A

aqueous

56
Q

a solid solution known as an __________ is a metallic substance composed of two or more metallic substances

A

alloy

57
Q

the component of a solution that is present in greatest quantity is called the __________

A

solvent

58
Q

solutions which contain relatively low concentrations of solute are called ________ solutions

A

dilute

59
Q

solutions which contain relatively high concentrations of solute are called _________ solutions

A

concentrated

60
Q

the component of a solution that is dissolved is called the ________

A

solute

61
Q

the substance of a solution which does the dissolving is the _________-

A

solvent

62
Q

relative to embalming fluids, a synonym for the solvent of water would be called the ______________

A

vehicle

63
Q

the amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent at saturation describes ___________

A

saturation point

64
Q

any solution which contains the maximum amount of solute which it can dissolve under normal temperature/conditions

A

saturated

65
Q

any solution which does NOT contain the maximum amount of solute which it can dissolve under normal conditions

A

unsaturated

66
Q

any solution which contains greater solute than it can dissolve under normal conditions

A

supersaturated

67
Q

when formaldehyde gas is dissolved in water the resulting solution is called ________

A

formalin

68
Q

Concentrations of solutions are quantitatively expressed in what 3 methods

A
  1. Ratio example; 1:10 1 part solution 10 parts solute
  2. Percentage method; % of solution to % solute weight to volume: example- Formaldehyde 37% W 40% V
  3. Parts per million- cubits of air
69
Q

the number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas in 100 milliliters of solutions defines __________

A

index

70
Q

the diffusion of fluids thru semipermeable membranes or porous partitions describe __________

A

osmosis

71
Q

two solutions equal concentrations are called _______

A

isotonic

72
Q

meaning more or excessive solute

A

hypertonic solutions

73
Q

meaning less or below less solute

A

hypotonic solutions

74
Q

in addition to true solutions, other solution like systems are ___________ and ____________ which differ primarily in particle size

A

colloid and suspensions

75
Q

In as much as solutions are diffusible, they therefore lend themselves to _________ which is diffusion through membranes

A

osmosis

76
Q

two solutions that have the same solute concentration are said to be ________

A

isotonic

77
Q

a _____________ solutions is one that contains a lower solute concentration that of the other solution. this type solution may cause cells to shrink and/ or bursts which results in ____________

A

Hypotonic

Hemolysis

78
Q

Edematous remains would require to a more ____________ solution in order to _____________ from body tissue

A

Hypertension (plasmotysis)

Remove moisture

79
Q

Consequently, a ______________ solution is one that contains a higher solute concentration than the opposing solution. This, in turn will cause body cells to ____________ which is called _________

A

hypertonic

Shrink
Crenation (pyasolysis)

80
Q

Dehydrated bodies should be injected with a ___________ solution; whereas edematous bodies should be injected with a _______ solution

A

Diluted

Hypotonic

81
Q

___________ are yet another type of solution like substances- only designated by particle size, examples are blood plasma and egg white solution, mayonnaise

A

Colloids

82
Q

____________ are mixtures such as milk of magnesia

A

Suspensions

83
Q

the most abundant element on EARTH

A

oxygen

84
Q

odorless, colorless, tasteless gas; it is heavier than air are the _____________ properties of oxygen

A

Physical properties

85
Q

-combines with most elements to produce compounds called oxides
-supports combustion
-substances burn—- not O2
-spontaneous combustion
these are the __________ properties of oxygen

A

Chemical properties

86
Q

compounds that contain 2 or more elements one which is oxygen

A

oxides

87
Q

a rapid oxidation in which heat and light are produced- usually accompanied by a flame

A

combustion

88
Q

a slow oxidation that develops by itself into combustion

A

spontaneous combustion

89
Q
  • the addition of oxygen to a substance
  • the loss or removal of hydrogen from a substance
  • loss of electrons from a substance
  • an increase in the oxidation number of a substance
A

Oxidation

90
Q
  • the loss of oxygen to a substance
  • the addition of hydrogen to a substance
  • the addition of electrons from a substance
  • a decrease in the oxidation number of a substance
A

Reductions

91
Q

one substance is oxidize and another substance is reduced

A

REDOX reaction

92
Q

the abbreviation for an element is a __________

A

symbol

93
Q

the abbreviation for a compound is a _______

A

formula

94
Q

the abbreviation for a chemical change is a ____________

A

chemical equation

95
Q

a whole number written to the left or in front of a symbol or formula is called a _________
(# of molecules of that element)

A

coefficient

96
Q

a number written to the right and slightly below a symbol or formula is called a __________
(# of atoms in that element)

A

subscript

97
Q

in a chemical equation, the substances which are on the left side of the equation are called the _________

A

Reactants

98
Q

in a chemical equation, the substances which are on the right side of the equation are called the __________

A

product

99
Q

formulas are usually expressed as the ___________ portion written first; and the ___________ portion written last

A

Metallic

Non-metallic

100
Q

_________ usually have positive oxidation numbers; whereas _________ usually have negative oxidation numbers

A

Metals (+)

Non-metals (-)

101
Q

in the expression of formulas, the products are obtained from the __________; and essence “change partners” - that is plus to _________ and minus to plus

A

reactants

minus

4th Quarter Exams (7 decks)

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