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4th Quarter Exams > Thanatochemistry Exam 2 > Flashcards

Thanatochemistry Exam 2 Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 4 Selected Elements are?

A
  1. Hydrogen
  2. Halogens
  3. Nitrogen
  4. Oxygen
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2
Q

it is the most abundant element in the UNIVERSE

does NOT contain any neutrons

A

Hydrogen

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3
Q

in its ionic state is a non-metal
has 7 valence electrons (outer most shell)
Chlorine, Fluorine, Bromine, Iodine
diatomic ions- stable

A

Halogens

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4
Q

used primarily as a bleaching agent & disinfectant

A

Chlorine

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5
Q

it is the most abundant element in the ATMOSPHERE

A

Nitrogen

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6
Q

most abundant element on the SURFACE of the EARTH
present in the air we breathe
most reactive element in the air

A

Oxygen

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7
Q

4 characteristics of water

A
  1. Hardness
  2. Hydrates
  3. Hydrolysis
  4. Dehydration (desiccation)
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8
Q

the condition of water that results from dissolved minerals and metallic ions such as calcium and magnesium

A

hardness

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9
Q

hardness that can be removed by boiling and is due to the presence of bicarbonate salts of calcium and magnesium

A

temporary hardness of water

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10
Q

hardness that cannot be removed by boiling, the addition of chemicals to be used, is caused by the chloride and sulfate salts of calcium and magnesium

A

permanent hardness of water

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11
Q

a compound in which there is a chemical union between water and certain substances when they crystallize

A

hydrates

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12
Q

the splitting or tearing apart of compounds by the addition of water; a chemical reaction in which a substance is broken down or dissociated by water; a reaction between a salt and water to yield an acid and base of unequal strengths

A

hydrolysis

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13
Q

the removal or loss of water from a substance i.e. putting a teaspoon of granulated salt into water

A

dehydration (desiccation)

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of Ionization

A
  1. Cation
  2. Anion
  3. pH
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15
Q

a dissociation of a substance in solution into ions

A

ionization

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16
Q

a positively charged atom or group of atoms

A

Cation

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17
Q

a negatively charged atom or group of atoms

A

Anion

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18
Q

the measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution; percentage of hydrogen ion in solution, scale ranges from 0-14 Neutral is 7 above 7 is basic/alkaline below 7 is acidic

A

pH

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19
Q

pH level is determined by testing it on what?

A

Litmus paper

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20
Q

if blue litmus paper turns red it would determine that the pH is

A

Below 7 and acidic

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21
Q

if red litmus paper turns blue it would determine that the pH is

A

above 7 and basic/alkaline

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22
Q

if red or blue litmus paper turns white it would determine that the pH is

A

Neutral or 7

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23
Q

the reaction of an acid and a base to produce salt and water; example ammonia

A

Neutralization

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24
Q

how do you neutralize a cavity spill

A

ammonia

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25
CH2O is the chemical formula for
formaldehyde
26
a substance, other than water that will be formed in a reaction between an acid and a base
Salts
27
substance which yield hydrogen and hydronium ions in solution (in aqueous solution)
acids- Arrhenius
28
acids which denotes a proton, a FALSE theory
acids: Bronsted-Lowery
29
acids that accept a pair of electrons
acids- Lewis
30
yields hydroxide ions in an aqueous solution
bases- Arrhenius
31
a substance that accepts or gains a proton, a FALSE theory
bases: Bronsted- Lowery
32
a substance that denotes a pair of electrons
bases-Lewis
33
sometimes a group of atoms behaves as if it were a single atoms, this group has its own charge and name ?
Radical or Polyatomic ion
34
NH4
Ammonium
35
Ammonium has a charge of
+ 1
36
HCO3
Bicarbonate
37
Bicarbonate has a charge of
- 1
38
OH
Hydroxide
39
Hydroxide has a charge of
- 1
40
NO3
Nitrate
41
Nitrate has a charge of
- 1
42
NO2
Nitrite
43
Nitrite has a charge of
- 1
44
CO3
Carbonate
45
Carbonate has a charge of
- 2
46
SO4
Sulfate
47
Sulfate has a charge of
- 2
48
PO4
Phosphate
49
Phosphate has a charge of
- 3
50
CN
Cyanide
51
Cyanide has a charge of
- 1
52
OCl
Hypochlorite
53
Hypochlorite has a charge of
- 1
54
T/F Solutions (crystalloids) are homogeneous mixtures of two or more substances
TRUE
55
an __________ solution is one which contains water
aqueous
56
a solid solution known as an __________ is a metallic substance composed of two or more metallic substances
alloy
57
the component of a solution that is present in greatest quantity is called the __________
solvent
58
solutions which contain relatively low concentrations of solute are called ________ solutions
dilute
59
solutions which contain relatively high concentrations of solute are called _________ solutions
concentrated
60
the component of a solution that is dissolved is called the ________
solute
61
the substance of a solution which does the dissolving is the _________-
solvent
62
relative to embalming fluids, a synonym for the solvent of water would be called the ______________
vehicle
63
the amount of solute present in a given amount of solvent at saturation describes ___________
saturation point
64
any solution which contains the maximum amount of solute which it can dissolve under normal temperature/conditions
saturated
65
any solution which does NOT contain the maximum amount of solute which it can dissolve under normal conditions
unsaturated
66
any solution which contains greater solute than it can dissolve under normal conditions
supersaturated
67
when formaldehyde gas is dissolved in water the resulting solution is called ________
formalin
68
Concentrations of solutions are quantitatively expressed in what 3 methods
1. Ratio example; 1:10 1 part solution 10 parts solute 2. Percentage method; % of solution to % solute weight to volume: example- Formaldehyde 37% W 40% V 3. Parts per million- cubits of air
69
the number of grams of pure formaldehyde gas in 100 milliliters of solutions defines __________
index
70
the diffusion of fluids thru semipermeable membranes or porous partitions describe __________
osmosis
71
two solutions equal concentrations are called _______
isotonic
72
meaning more or excessive solute
hypertonic solutions
73
meaning less or below less solute
hypotonic solutions
74
in addition to true solutions, other solution like systems are ___________ and ____________ which differ primarily in particle size
colloid and suspensions
75
In as much as solutions are diffusible, they therefore lend themselves to _________ which is diffusion through membranes
osmosis
76
two solutions that have the same solute concentration are said to be ________
isotonic
77
a _____________ solutions is one that contains a lower solute concentration that of the other solution. this type solution may cause cells to shrink and/ or bursts which results in ____________
Hypotonic Hemolysis
78
Edematous remains would require to a more ____________ solution in order to _____________ from body tissue
Hypertension (plasmotysis) Remove moisture
79
Consequently, a ______________ solution is one that contains a higher solute concentration than the opposing solution. This, in turn will cause body cells to ____________ which is called _________
hypertonic Shrink Crenation (pyasolysis)
80
Dehydrated bodies should be injected with a ___________ solution; whereas edematous bodies should be injected with a _______ solution
Diluted Hypotonic
81
___________ are yet another type of solution like substances- only designated by particle size, examples are blood plasma and egg white solution, mayonnaise
Colloids
82
____________ are mixtures such as milk of magnesia
Suspensions
83
the most abundant element on EARTH
oxygen
84
odorless, colorless, tasteless gas; it is heavier than air are the _____________ properties of oxygen
Physical properties
85
-combines with most elements to produce compounds called oxides -supports combustion -substances burn---- not O2 -spontaneous combustion these are the __________ properties of oxygen
Chemical properties
86
compounds that contain 2 or more elements one which is oxygen
oxides
87
a rapid oxidation in which heat and light are produced- usually accompanied by a flame
combustion
88
a slow oxidation that develops by itself into combustion
spontaneous combustion
89
- the addition of oxygen to a substance - the loss or removal of hydrogen from a substance - loss of electrons from a substance - an increase in the oxidation number of a substance
Oxidation
90
- the loss of oxygen to a substance - the addition of hydrogen to a substance - the addition of electrons from a substance - a decrease in the oxidation number of a substance
Reductions
91
one substance is oxidize and another substance is reduced
REDOX reaction
92
the abbreviation for an element is a __________
symbol
93
the abbreviation for a compound is a _______
formula
94
the abbreviation for a chemical change is a ____________
chemical equation
95
a whole number written to the left or in front of a symbol or formula is called a _________ (# of molecules of that element)
coefficient
96
a number written to the right and slightly below a symbol or formula is called a __________ (# of atoms in that element)
subscript
97
in a chemical equation, the substances which are on the left side of the equation are called the _________
Reactants
98
in a chemical equation, the substances which are on the right side of the equation are called the __________
product
99
formulas are usually expressed as the ___________ portion written first; and the ___________ portion written last
Metallic Non-metallic
100
_________ usually have positive oxidation numbers; whereas _________ usually have negative oxidation numbers
Metals (+) Non-metals (-)
101
in the expression of formulas, the products are obtained from the __________; and essence "change partners" - that is plus to _________ and minus to plus
reactants minus

4th Quarter Exams (7 decks)

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