the abdomen Flashcards
(158 cards)
1
Q
is the abdomen part of the axial or appendicular skeleton?
A
axial
2
Q
the abdomen is the space spanning between the ____ and _____
A
diaphragm and pelvis
3
Q
superiorly, what are the contents in the abdomen protected by?
A
thoracic cage
4
Q
inferiorly, what are the contents in the abdomen protected by?
A
the pelvis
5
Q
what is the most prominent external abdominal feature?
A
the umbilicus
6
Q
where is the umbilicus located?
A
halfway between the xiphoid process and the pubic symphysis
7
Q
what 4 “systems” does the abdomen region contain?
A
GI, renal, endocrine viscera, glands
8
Q
what creates the peritoneal cavity?
A
the parietal and visceral peritoneum
9
Q
are the peritoneum single layered or bilayered membranes?
A
Bilayered
10
Q
what does the parietal peritoneum line?
A
the abdominal wall
11
Q
what does the visceral peritoneum line?
A
the visceral organs
12
Q
what is the linea alba?
A
the midpoint/center vertical line of thoracic abdominal cavity
13
Q
what vertebral level is the transpyloric plane?
A
L1
14
Q
what vertebral level is the subcostal plane?
A
L2
15
Q
what vertebral level is the supracristal plane?
A
L4
16
Q
what vertebral level is the umbilicus located?
A
between L3 and L4
17
Q
what lines divide the abdomen into its 9 regions?
A
-2 midclavicular lines
-subcostal
- transtubercular
18
Q
what is abdominal musculature derived from
A
myotomes (anterior hypomere)
19
Q
what are the muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall? (superficial to deep)
A
1) external oblique
2) internal oblique
3) transverse abdominis
20
Q
what muscle fiber direction can be described as “putting your hands in front pockets”?
A
external oblique muscle
21
Q
what are the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall?
A
1) rectus abdominis
2) pyramidalis
3) rectus sheath
22
Q
which two muscles perform abdominal rotation and flexion?
A
external and internal oblique
23
Q
what are the 3 functions of the rectus sheath?
A
1) flex the trunk
2) provide support to viscera
3) aid in pelvic tilt control
24
Q
what is the difference between the layers of the anterolateral and anterior abdominal walls?
A
both have skin, superficial fascia, transversalis fascia, extraperitoneal adipose, and parietal peritoneum
the difference is the muscles (between superficial fascia and transversalis fascia
25
what are the layers of the anterolateral abdominal wall?
-skin
-superficial fascia
-external oblique muscle
-internal oblique muscle
-transverse abdominis muscle
-transversalis fascia
-extraperitoneal adipose
-parietal peritoneum
26
what are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall?
-skin
-superficial fascia
-anterior rectus sheath
-rectus abdominis
-posterior rectus sheath
-transversalis fascia
-extraperitoneal adipose
-parietal peritoneum
27
what is the abdomen innervated by?
segmental anterior rami
28
what is the level/dermatome for segmental anterior rami?
T6-T12 and L1-L2
29
what is the important blood system that supports the abdomen?
portal-caval system
30
the portal system is used to transport venous blood from ___ _____ to ______
transports blood from GI viscera to the liver
31
what is the hepatic portal vein formed by?
the superior mesenteric and splenic veins
32
what does the caval system do?
drains blood from structures of posterior abdominal wall, kidneys, gonads, suprarenal glands, pelvic and perineal structures, and lower limbs
33
what is the caval system made up of?
the IVC and its tributaries
34
at what level does the IVC pierce the diaphragm to enter the heart?
T8
35
what is the IVC comprised of?
right and left common iliac veins
36
what are the 3 locations of anastomoses between the portal and caval systems?
1) distal esophagus
2) paraumbilicus
3) rectum
37
what anastomoses between the portal and caval system at the esophagus?
left gastric vein and esophageal vein
38
what anastomoses between the portal and caval system at the paraumbilicus?
paraumbilical vein and superficial anterolateral wall veins
39
what anastomoses between the portal and caval system at the rectum?
superior rectal veins and middle and inferior rectal veins
40
what is the abdomen supplied by?
the abdominal aorta
41
at what level does the thoracic aorta turn into the abdominal aorta?
T12
42
what does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into?
right and left common iliac arteries
43
what level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate into iliac arteries?
L4
44
at L4, the abdominal aorta continues as a very small artery between where it bifurcates into R and L common iliacs. what is this small artery?
median sacral artery
45
what are the 3 unpaired branches of the aorta? (proximal to distal)
1) celiac trunk
2) superior mesenteric artery
3) inferior mesenteric artery
46
what does the celiac trunk branch into? (3)
1) left gastric artery
2) splenic artery
3) common hepatic artery
47
what level does the abdominal aorta branch into the celiac trunk?
T12
48
what level does the abdominal aorta branch into the superior mesenteric artery?
L1
49
what is the primary artery to the midgut structures?
superior mesenteric artery
50
what does the inferior mesenteric artery branch into?
1) left colic artery
2) sigmoid arteries
3) superior rectal artery
51
what level does the inferior mesenteric artery branch from the abdominal aorta?
L3
52
what are the 5 paired branches of the abdominal aorta?
1) inferior phrenic arteries
2) middle suprarenal arteries
3) renal arteries
4) lumbar arteries
5) gonadal arteries
53
posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries are branches of what
aorta
54
lymphatic vessels superior to transumbilical plane drain...
into the axillary lymph nodes
55
lymphatic vessels inferior to transumbilical plane drain...
into superficial inguinal lymph nodes
56
what is the cisterna chyli?
a small lymphatic sack at abdominal confluence where R and L intestinal lymph trunks and R and L lumbar lymph trunks combine
57
R and L intestinal lymph trunks and R and L lumbar lymph trunks form what?
thoracic duct
58
where is the inguinal region in relation to the abdomen?
inguinal region lies along the inferior border of the anterolateral abdominal wall
59
what is the largest cavity in the abdomen?
the peritoneal cavity
60
what defines a retroperitoneal organ?
viscera posterior to parietal peritoneum (between peritoneal cavity and back abdominal wall)
61
what part of the pancreas is retroperitoneal?
the head, neck, and body
62
what part of the pancreas is intraperitoneal?
the tail
63
what is the stomach suspended by?
greater and lesser omentum
64
what structures are retroperitoneal?
1) 2-4 parts of duodenum
2) ascending colon
3) descending colon
4) rectum
5) head, neck, and body of pancreas
6) kidneys
7) ureters
8) suprarenal glands
9) abdominal aorta
10) IVC
65
what structures are intraperitoneal?
1) stomach
2) first part of duodenum
3) jejunum
4) ilium
5) cecum
6) appendix
7) transverse colon
8) sigmoid colon
9) liver
10) gallbladder
11) tail of pancreas
12) spleen
66
the greater omentum can be described as....
"apron-like" containing fat
67
where does the greater omentum span?
from greater curvature of stomach to end of abdomen
68
where does the lesser omentum span?
between lesser curvature of stomach and first part of duodenum to liver
69
where is the foramen of winslow?
At the free edge of the hepatoduodenal ligament of the lesser omentum
70
what passes through the portal triad?
1) common bile duct
2) proper hepatic artery
3) hepatic portal vein
71
what is larger: the small intestine mesentery or the transverse mesocolon?
small intestine mesentery
72
list important mesenteries
1) greater omentum
2) lesser omentum
3) small intestine mesentery
4) transverse mesocolon
5) mesoappendix
73
what does the obliterated umbilical vein create?
ligamentum teres hepatis
74
the bare area of the liver is for the placement of what?
the diaphragm
75
what are the boundaries of the lesser sac?
anterior: liver, stomach, lesser omentum
posterior: diaphragm
right: liver
left: gastrosplenic and splenorenal ligaments
76
how do the lesser and greater sacs communicate?
omental foramen (foramen of winslow)
77
what are the anterior and posterior borders of the foramen of winslow?
anterior: portal triad
posterior: IVC
78
what forms the aortic plexus?
autonomic ganglia and plexus
79
what type of nerve innervation does the abdomen receive?
hint: GVA, GVE, GSA, GSE?
GVE: general visceral efferent
GVA: general visceral afferent
80
where do sympathetic GVE synapse?
on prevertebral (preaortic) ganglia
81
does sympathetic visceromotor function decrease or increase activity?
decrease
82
what nerves comprise the sympathetic innervation?
1) preganglionic thoracic nerve
2) lumbar splanchnic nerves
83
list sympathetic visceromotor functions
1) decreased peristalsis
2) decreased gland secretion
3) vasoconstriction
4) closure of sphincters
84
parasympathetic GVE innervation is comprised of what two nerves?
vagus nerve (CN 10) and
pelvic splanchnic nerve
85
what does the vagus nerve turn into?
anterior and posterior vagal trunks
86
does parasympathetic visceromotor function decrease or increase activity?
increase activity
87
list functions of parasympathetic visceromotor function
1) increase peristalsis
2) increase gland secretion
3) vasodilation
4) opening of sphincters
88
where do parasympathetic preganglionic fibers synapse?
ganglia on walls of viscera
89
pelvic spanchnic nerves correspond to what level?
S2-S4
90
what does GVA innervation provide?
afferent pain fibers from abdominal viscera to midpoint of sigmoid colon
91
what nerve transmits stomach pain, and what dermatomes does that correspond to?
greater splanchnic nerve - T6-T9
92
what dermatome corresponds to pain inferior to midpoint of sigmoid colon?
S2-S4
93
what are the foregut derivatives?
1) esophagus
2) stomach
3) liver
4) galbladder
5) pancreas
6) upper part of duodenum
94
where does the esophagus join the stomach?
the gastroesophageal junction
95
the esophagus travels through the ____ _____ at T10
esophageal hiatus
96
what separates the esophagus from the stomach at the gastroesophageal junction?
lower esophageal sphincter
97
what supplies blood to the esophagus?
portal-caval system: anastomose occurs here
98
is the esophagus dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?
dual innervation
P: vagal trunk
S: greater spanchnic nerve
99
histological layers of the esophagus (NEED TO KNOW! THIS IS NOT OPTIONAL!)
1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis externa
4) adventitia (serosa)
100
what quadrant is the stomach in?
left upper quadrant
101
what are the 4 parts of the stomach?
1) cardia
2) fundus
3) body
4) pyloric region
102
the lesser curvature of the stomach corresponds to which border?
the right superior border
(short and concave)
103
the greater curvature of the stomach corresponds to which border?
left inferior border
(long and convex)
104
is the stomach retro- or intraperitoneal?
intraperitoneal
105
is the stomach dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?
dual
P: vagal trunk
S: splanchnic nerve
106
what is the largest internal organ?
liver
107
what quadrant is the liver in?
right upper
108
the liver has a convex ______ surface anterosuperiorly, and a concave _____ surface posteroinferiorly
convex diaphragmatic surface,
concave visceral surface
109
is the liver retro- or intraperitoneal?
intraperitoneal
110
wha and where is the bare area of the kidney?
on posterior diaphragmatic surface that lacks peritoneal covering
111
the liver fully ______ during expiration and fully _____ during inspiration.
fully elevates during expiration
fully depresses during inspiration
112
what are the 4 lobes of the liver?
1) right
2) left
3) quadrate
4) caudate
113
what is the area where vessels and ducts enter/exit the liver?
porta hepatis
114
what is the remnant of fetal umbilical vein?
ligamentum teres
115
what supplies blood to the liver?
right and left hepatic arteries
116
is the liver dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?
dual
P: vagal trunks
S: hepatic plexus
117
what forms the bile duct?
common hepatic duct and cystic duct
118
what does the biliary tree do?
carries bile from gallbladder to small intestine
119
what forms the common hepatic duct?
right and left hepatic duct
120
what supplies blood to the gallbladder?
cystic artery
121
is the gallbladder dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?
dual
P: vagus
S: celiac plexus
122
what are the 4 parts of the pancreas?
head
neck
body
tail
123
is the pancreas retro- or intraperitoneal
retroperitoneal except for the tail (intra)
124
is the pancreas dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?
dual
P: vagus
S: thoracic splanchnic nerve
125
____cells produce glucagon
____cells produce insulin
alpha/beta
alpha = glucagon
beta = insulin
126
what quadrant is the spleen in?
left upper
127
the spleen is ____ to the stomach, left kidney, tail of pancreas and left splenic flexure of large intesting
medial
128
is the spleen retro- or intraperitoneal?
intraperitoneal
129
what supplies blood to the spleen? where does this artery arise from?
splenic artery from the celiac trunk
130
midgut derivatives
1) lower part of duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum
4) proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
131
what is the proximal and smallest part of the small intestine?
the duodenum
132
what is the C-shaped structure of the small intestine?
duodenum
133
how many parts are there to the duodenum?
4
134
what supplies blood to the duodenum?
celiac trunk and SMA
135
is the duodenum dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?
dual
P: vagus
S: celiac and superior mesenteric ganglia plexus
136
what supplies blood to the duodenum?
celiac trunk and SMA
137
what is the majority of the small intestine comprised of?
jejunum and ilium
138
where does the jejunum begin? what vertebral level is this?
duodenojejunal junction - L3
139
what quadrant is the jejunum?
left upper
140
what quadrant is the ilium?
right lower
141
where does the ilium empty into?
the cecum
142
is the small intestine dual or single innervated? (parasymp, symp, or both?
dual
P: vagus
S: thoracic splanchnic nerve
143
what are the parts of the large intestine (in order)
1) cecum
2) appendix (attaches to large intestine)
3) ascending colon
3) transverse colon
4) descending colon
5) sigmoid colon
6) rectum
7) anal canal
144
omental epiploic appendices are located where?
the large intestine
145
what is the "cul-de-sac" of the large intestine?
the cecum
146
what is the transverse colon suspended by?
the transverse mesocolon
147
what quadrants does the large intestine span?
right upper and left upper
148
what quadrant is the cecum in?
lower right
149
what supplies the large intestine with blood?
SMA (superior mesenteric artery)
150
what are the derivatives of the hindgut?
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
upper anal canal
151
where does the hindgut receive blood supply from?
the IMA
152
what are the 4 muscles of the posterior abdominal wall?
1) psoas major
2) quadratus laborum
3) iliacus
4) transverse abdominis
153
the diaphragm has many _____ that allow for passage of vessels and viscera
hiatuses
154
what level does the IVC pierce the diaphragm?
T8
155
what level does the esophagus pierce the diaphragm?
T10
156
what level does the aorta pierce the diaphragm?
T12
157
where does the diaphragm receive blood from?
abdominal aorta
158
T or F: the diaphragm receives only motor innervation
FALSE - the diaphragm has both motor and sensory innervation
