WEEK 1 - Intro Lecture Flashcards
(237 cards)
1
Q
What is anatomical position?
A
The body position in which an individual is standing upright with the head and toes facing forward, upper limbs adjacent to the sides of the body, palms facing forward, lower limbs close together, and feet parallel
2
Q
What are the 4 anatomical planes?
A
Median, Sagittal, frontal (coronal) and transverse (axial) planes
3
Q
What is the median plane?
A
Vertical plane that passes longitudinally through the midline of the body and divides the body into R and L halves
4
Q
What is the sagittal plane?
A
Vertical planes that pass longitudinally through the body.
5
Q
What is the frontal (coronal) plane
A
Vertical planes that pass through the body at right angles (to the median plane) and divide the body into front (anterior/ventral) and back (posterior/dorsal)
6
Q
What are transverse (axial) planes?
A
Horizontal planes that pass through the body at right angles (to the median plane) and divide the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) parts
7
Q
What do superior and cranial refer to?
A
Structure nearer the cranium (head)
8
Q
What do inferior and caudal refer to?
A
Structure nearer the foot
9
Q
What do posterior and dorsal refer to?
A
Back surface of the body (top of feet and hands)
10
Q
What do anterior and ventral refer to?
A
The front surface of the body
11
Q
Medial definition
A
Structure closer to the median plane (center of body)
12
Q
Lateral definition
A
Structure farther from the median plane
13
Q
Proximal definition
A
Structure closer to a limb attachment (closer to trunk of body)
14
Q
Distal definition
A
Refers to a structure farther from a limb attachment (farther from trunk of body)
15
Q
Define bilateral
A
Refers to paired structures with R and L sides
16
Q
Define Unilateral
A
Unpaired structures that occur only on one side
17
Q
define Ipsilateral
A
Structure that occurs on the same side as another structure (situated to the same side)
18
Q
define Contralateral
A
Refers to a structure that occurs on the opposite side of another structure
19
Q
Define flexion
A
Movement that decreases the angle between bones
20
Q
Define extension
A
Movement that increases the angle between the bones
21
Q
Define pronation
A
Rotation in the forearm (from the anatomical position) so palms face posteriorly
22
Q
Define supination
A
Rotation in forearm so palms face anteriorly (anatomical position)
23
Q
Define dorsiflexion
A
Flexion of the ankle joint that lifts toes away from the ground
24
Q
Define plantarflexion
A
Flexion at ankle joint that lifts the heel off ground
25
Define eversion
Movement of foot whereby sole moves away from the median plane
26
Define inversion
Movement of foot where sole of foot moves toward the median plane
27
What is the hierarchical order of organization
```
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ systems
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
```
28
What are the 4 primary tissues of the body
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
29
How are epithelial tissues categorized?
- shape (squamous, cuboidal, columnar)
| - layers (simple, stratified)
30
Connective tissue is defined as…
“Formed elements within a matrix”
- formed elements: specific population of cells
- matrix: fibers (collagen, reticular, or elastin) and ground substance (chemicals)
31
What is the most abundant and varied of the 4 primary tissues?
Connective tissue
32
Muscular tissues subtypes are based on…
Shape
Striations
Nuclei
Nervous control (voluntary or involuntary)
33
What cells are nervous tissues composed of?
Neurons and neuroglia helper cells
34
What are the 4 basic body membranes
Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane
Synovial membrane
35
Where are mucous membranes found?
In passageways entering and leaving the body (GI tract)
36
Where are serous membranes found?
Lining vital organs; are very moist
37
What is the cutaneous membrane?
Skin: Epidermis and dermis
38
Where are synovial membranes found?
In joints (synovial joints)
39
T or F: the body only has 1 cavity
F
the body contains many cavities which are all filled (body will fill all void)
40
What is the integumentary system?
Consists of skin and epidermal derivatives/appendages (sweat glands, sebaceous glands, hair, hair follicles, nails)
41
What is the function of the integumentary system?
- regulate body temp and water loss
- provide a nonspecific barrier to external environmental factors
- synthesize vitamin D
- absorb UV irradiation
- convey sensory information
- secrete sweat and sebum
- plays role in antigen presentation
42
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
Epidermis, (middle) dermis, and hypodermis or subcutaneous layer
43
What is the epidermis specific classification?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (avascular)
44
What are the layers of the epidermis? (From superficial to deep)
```
Stratum corneum - cunt
Stratum lucidum (thick skin only) - Lucy
Stratum granulosum - grabbed
stratum spinosum - spencers
stratum basale - balls
```
45
What are the two layers of the dermis?
Papillary (superficial) and reticular layers (deep)
46
What is the papillary layer of the dermis composed of?
- Loose connective tissue w/ fibroblasts
- types I and III collagen fibers
- thin elastic fibers
47
What does the reticular layer of the dermis consist of?
- irregular connective tissue w/ fibroblasts
- type I collagen
- thick elastic fibers
48
What does NAVL stand for?
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Lymphatic
49
What does the subcutaneous layer contain?
- superficial fascia
| - superficial NAVL (nerve, artery, vein, lymphatic)
50
What is fascia?
Specialized connective tissue that provides shape and structure and protection
51
What covers the surface of muscles?
Deep fascia
52
What substances do eccrine sweat glands secrete?
Water
Electrolytes
Urea
Ammonium
53
Where do eccrine ducts open to?
The surface of the skin as sweat pores
54
What do apocrine sweat glands secrete?
Proteins, carbs, ammonia, lipid and organic compounds
55
Where do apocrine ducts open to?
Axilla, mons pubis, and anal regions
Pheromones come from here!
56
What do sebaceous glands secrete?
Sebum (lipid and debris)
57
Where do sebaceous ducts open to?
Upper portion of a hair follicle into the pilosebaceous canal
58
Define the dermal papillae
- the deepest part of the hair follicle that becomes round-shaped
- Connective tissue that invaginate (cover) the hair bulb
59
Define hair follicles
- form as epidermal cells
| - grow into the underlying dermis during early embryonic development
60
Define dermal papillae
Connective tissue that invaginate (cover) the hair bulb
61
T or F: the dermal papillae are infiltrated by blood vessels and nerve endings
True
62
What are epidermal stem cells?
Also called “germinal matrix”
| Epidermal cells within the hair bulb form an area which contains these epidermal stem cells
63
Define hair shaft
A long, slender filament that extends above the surface of the epidermis
64
How is the hair shaft created?
By continuous proliferation and differentiation of germinal matrix cells at the tip of the dermal papilla
65
Define nail/nail plate
The nail is a translucent plate (nail plate) of closely compacted hard keratin
66
How is the nail plate formed?
By proliferation and keratinization of the epithelial cells within the nail matrix.
67
Define nail matrix
A V-shaped area located under a fold of skin called the proximal nail fold
68
What is the lunula?
The only portion of the nail matrix that is grossly visible
| - a half moon-shaped whitish area
69
Define eponychium
- also called the cuticle
| - located at the outer edge of the proximal nail fold
70
Define hyponychium
- Protects the nail matrix from bacterial and fungal invasion
- where the nail and nail bed fuse at the fingertip
71
What are the 5 epidermal derivatives?
```
Eccrine sweat glands/ducts
Apocrine sweat glands/ducts
Sebaceous glands/ducts
Hair follicles
Nails
```
72
How to navigate body layers
- superficial to deep
- in cross sections
- be able to recognize location and position of NAVL (nerve, artery, vein, lymphatic)
73
What are the layers in a cross section through superficial tissue (from superficial to deep)
- Skin
- Superficial adipose tissue and retinacula cutis superficialities
- Superficial fascia
- Deep adipose tissue
- Multilayer structure of the deep fascia
- Loose connective tissue
- Muscle
- Bone
74
How is the skeletal system divided?
Axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton
75
What is the axial skeleton?
Consists of bones of the cranium (skull), hyoid bone, ribs, sternum, vertebrae, and sacrum
76
What is the appendicular skeleton?
Bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle
77
What is the skeleton composed of?
Cartilage and bone
78
List the skeletal classifications (4)
- system level: axial and appendicular
- organ level: bones (also by shape)
- tissue level: compact and spongy bone
- cell level: osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells), osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts
79
What are the 3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
Fibrocartilage
80
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
Name 2 locations
Fetal skeletal tissue, epiphyseal growth plates, articulate surface of synovial joints, costal cartilage, nasal cartilage, laryngeal cartilage, tracheal cartilage rings, and bronchial cartilage plates
81
What is hyaline cartilage made from?
Cells and ground substance
Cells - chondrogenic cells, chondroblasts, chondrocytes
Ground substance - proteoglycans, water, fibers, and cartilage types 2, 6, 9 and 11
82
Where is elastic cartilage found?
In the pinna of the external ear, external auditory meatus, auditory tube, epiglottis, corniculate cartilage of the larynx, and cuneiform cartilage of the larynx
83
What is elastic cartilage made from?
Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers and type 2 collagen fibers
84
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral disks, symphysis pubis, articulate disks of the TMJ and sternoclavicular joints, menisci of the knee joint, and insertion of tendons
85
What is fibrocartilage made of?
Same as hyaline cartilage but has no perichondrium, more extracellular matrix than cells, and types 1/2 collagen fibers
86
Define process
Any protuberance or projection of a bone
87
Define Ramus
Any projection that branches off a bone at an angle to the rest of the bone
88
Describe neck structure of a long bone
A narrowing where the shaft of a long bone (diaphysis) meets the end of the bone (epiphysis)
89
Define head and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
- The end of a bone that is expanded and rounded, allowing bone to articulate with other bones to form joints
- a process
90
Define facet and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A small, smooth, nearly flat surface that another bone sits upon; a process that allow bones to articulate with other bones to form joints
91
Define condyle and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A rounded protuberance at the end of a bone that often articulates with a fossa on another bone; a process that allow bones to articulate with other bones to form joints
92
Define fossa and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A shallow depression in a bone that articulates with a process (often a condyle), on another bone
93
Define epicondyle and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A second rounded projection on top of a rounded condyle projection (process)
94
Define crest and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A prominent but narrow ridge raising off a bone (process)
95
Define line and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A small narrow ridge raising off a bone, less prominent than a ridge (process that allow connective tissues such as ligaments and tendons to attach to bones)
96
Define trochanter and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A very large, irregularly shaped projection (process that allow connective tissues to attach to bone)
97
Define tuberosity and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A large rounded projection (smaller than trochanter) that many be roughened (process for connective tissue)
98
Define tubercle and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A smaller tuberosity, rounded, sometimes roughened (process for connective tissue)
99
Define foramen and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A round hole through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass
100
Define meatus and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A tube-like passageway through a bone
101
Define fissure
A narrow slit through a bone which blood vessels and nerves pass
102
Define sulcus and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A crevice or groove that accommodates a nerve, blood vessel, or tendon
103
Define sinus and state if it is a process, depression, or opening
A cavity within a bone, air-filled and lined with a mucous membrane
104
List all bony processes
```
Head - hey
Facet - fuckers
Condyle - can
Epicondyle - everyone
Crest - cum
Line - lick
Spine - Sam’s
Trochanter - tiny
Tuberosity - tits
Tubercle - thanks
```
105
List all bony depressions
Fossa
106
List all bony openings
```
Foramen - fucking
Meatus - men
Fissure - fucking
Sulcus - sucky
Sinus - suck
```
107
How are joints classified
By structural (anatomically - material holding together) and functional classifications
108
What are the 3 structural (anatomical) classifications of joints
```
Fibrous joints (collagen fibers)
Cartilaginous joints (cartilage)
Synovial joints (ligaments)
```
109
What are the 6 types of synovial joints?
Ball and socket, plane, pivot, hinge, condyloid, saddle
110
What are the 3 functional classifications of joints?
Synarthrosis (immovable)
Amphiarthrosis (slightly movable)
Diarthrosis (freely movable)
111
3 muscles of the human body
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
112
Where is cardiac muscle found
On the walls of the heart
113
Where is smooth muscle found?
In the walls of hollow viscera and blood vessels
Ex: stomach
114
How are skeletal muscles classified?
Axial or appendicular, and extrinsic or intrinsic muscles
115
compartment muscles are classified based on their role in a particular movement. What are these classifications?
- agonist (prime mover)
- antagonist (limits how free first muscle is)
- synergistic (assists to make sure it only moves in arc that it should be)
- fixator (holds insertion/origin point)
116
MIDTERM INFO: can you wiggle your ears?
Everyone has a muscle for this, but if it is not used, muscle gets weak
117
MIDTERM INFO: “deltoid” means….
“Shaped like a triangle”
118
What criteria are skeletal muscles named based on?
- direction of muscle fibers
- size of muscle
- location of muscle
- number of origins
- location of origin and insertion
- shape of muscle
- action of muscle
119
What are motor units?
Small: axon innervates 1-5 skeletal muscle cells
Large: axon innervates more than 150 skeletal muscle cells
120
Name the muscle layers
121
What are the compartments of the leg?
Anterior, lateral, posterior compartments
122
What does the anterior compartment of the leg contain?
Extensor group of muscles
123
What does the lateral compartment of the leg contain?
Peroneal group of muscles
124
What does the posterior compartment of the leg contain?
Flexor group of muscles
125
What are the two circuits of blood circulation?
Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation
126
What is the pulmonary circulation of blood?
The right ventricle pumps low-oxygen blood into the lungs via the pulmonary arteries where the blood is oxygenated and then returned to the left atrium of the heart via pulmonary veins
127
What is systemic circulation of blood
The left ventricle pumps highly oxygenated blood through the systemic arteries to distribute oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. Low-oxygen blood is then returned to the right atrium of the heart via systemic veins
128
What are the 3 general types of blood vessels?
Arteries
Capillaries
Veins
129
Blue in blood circulation means…
Deoxygenated blood
130
Red in blood circulation means
Oxygenated
131
Muscular arteries function primarily as…
Distribution arteries
132
Arterioles function primarily as…
Resistance vessels
133
Which type of blood vessel offers the greatest resistance against the flow of blood from the heart to the peripheral tissues?
Arterioles
134
Which type of vessel plays a role in regulation of arterial blood pressure?
Arterioles
135
List some examples of muscular arteries
Axillary, ulnar, radial, femoral arteries
136
What is a metarteriole?
The terminal branch of the arterial system and flows directly into the capillary bed
137
What is the precapillary sphincter?
A thickened smooth muscle cell layer of a metarteriole that regulates blood flow into the capillary bed
138
What is similar between a muscular artery and an Arteriole?
Both have a tunica media that both control blood flow in one way or another
139
What is the difference between a muscular artery and an arteriole?
A muscular artery controls distribution of blood to organs and tissues, where an arteriole regulates flow of blood to the capillary beds
140
What are the 3 types of capillaries?
Continuous, fenestrated, and discontinuous/sinusoid
141
What is a capillary?
The capillary forms a small tube that allows for the passage of one red blood cell at a time
Function primarily as exchange vessels: exchange water, O2, CO2, glucose, AA, proteins, metabolites, and waste between blood and cells
142
What is the most common type of capillary?
Continuous
143
What does a continuous capillary consist of?
A single layer of endothelial cells joined by a zonula occludens (tight junction)
144
Where are continuous capillaries found?
Lung, muscle, thymus, nervous system (blood brain barrier), connective tissue, and exocrine glands
145
Where are fenestrated capillaries found
In the renal system - kidneys and urine system
146
What joins the endothelial cells of the fenestrated kidney?
Fascia occludens
147
Where are discontinuous/sinusoid capillaries found?
LIVER, bone marrow, spleen (organs that store something)
148
What are veins
- transport blood back to the heart
“Valves that are projections of the tunica intima that transport blood back to the heart (dependent on the contraction of skeletal muscles and valves that ensure one-way flow of blood)” (textbook def)
149
How are veins similar and different to arteries?
-*they have the same layers but veins have an extra layer*
Vascular wall of veins and arteries both have 3 concentric tunics
Tunica media of veins is thinner
Tunica adventitia of veins is thicker
150
How much blood volume is found in medium and large sized veins?
70%
151
What is the lymphatic portal system?
Drains surplus extra cellular tissue fluid and leaked plasma proteins and returns them back into the venous blood stream.
Also absorbs and transports dietary fat and immune defense
152
What does the lymphatic system consist of?
```
Lymphatic capillaries
Superficial and deep lymphatic vessels
Lymphatic trunks
Right lymphatic duct
Thoracic duct
Superficial and deep lymph nodes
```
153
What is the largest portal system?
Hepatic portal system
154
What are lymph ducts formed by?
Formed by the lymphatic trunks
155
What does the right lymphatic duct drain?
Right side of the head and neck
Right breast
Right upper limb/superficial thoracoabdominal wall
Right lung
156
What does the thoracic duct drain?
- Left side of the head and neck
- left breast
- left upper limb/superficial thoraco-abdominal wall
- all of the body below the diaphragm
157
What are lymph nodes?
Bean-shaped glands that lie in the course of lymphatic vessels that filter and monitor lymph for various agents
158
What are the layers of lymph nodes?
Outer cortex, inner cortex, and medulla
159
How is the nervous system divided?
Anatomically: CNS and PNS
Functionally: somatic nervous system and autonomic (visceral)
160
What does the somatic nervous system control?
Voluntary activities by innervating skeletal muscle
161
What does the autonomic/visceral nervous system control?
Involuntary activities by interacting the viscera, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
162
The neuron is the _____ and _____ unit of the nervous system
Structural and functional
163
What does a neuron consist of?
Perikaryon (soma), dendrites, and axon
164
Neuroglia in the CNS are called… (hint there are 4)
Oligodendrocytes, microfilm, ependymal, astrocytes
165
Neuroglia in the PNS are called… (hint there are 2)
Schwann and satellite cells
166
What is a synapse?
A specialized junction by which neurons communicate with one another
167
What are the 3 main types of synapses and where are they?
1. Axodendritic synapse: between axon and dendrite
2. Axosomatic synapse: between axon and perikaryon (soma)
3. Axoaxonic synapse: between an axon and another axon
168
How do presynaptic neuron components work?
Voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open when depolarization reaches synaptic terminal > influx of Ca2+ from extracellular matrix > causes release of neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft > binds to receptor on post synaptic membrane
169
How do postsynaptic neuron components work?
Contains either transmitter-gated ion channels or G protein-linked receptors that bind to a specific neurotransmitter
170
What does the CNS consist of?
Brain and spinal cord
171
What is white matter of the brain?
Abundance of myelinated axon
172
What is gray matter of the brain?
Scarcity of myelinated axons
173
What is a myelin sheath
Oligodendrocytes that surround and insulate a portion of the axon
174
What is the node of ranvier?
The junction between adjacent Oligodendrocyte processes on an axon
175
What is the function of microglia?
Phagocytic function and proliferate in regions of injury or diseases (reactive microglia)
176
What are meninges?
CNS connective tissue that protects the underlying brain and spinal cord and provides a framework for arteries, veins, rural sinuses, and encloses a fluid filled space called the subarachnoid space
177
What do the meninges include?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater, and pia mater
178
What is dura mater?
Tough/durable outermost meningeal component containing blood vessels and nerves
179
What does the arachnoid mater consist of?
The arachnoid barrier cell layer and the arachnoid trabeculae
180
What is the pia mater?
The innermost component of the meninges closely follows the surface topography of the brain and spinal cord
181
What does the PNS consist of?
- 31 pairs of spinal nerves/ganglia
| - 12 pairs of cranial nerves/ganglia
182
PNS connective tissue function
Holds the axons within the spinal nerve together in bundles
| - includes the epineurium, the perineurium, the fascicle, and the endoneurium
183
What is the epinerium
In the PNS: a dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the entire peripheral nerve
184
What is the perineurium?
In the PNS: a specialized type of connective tissue that surrounds a bundle of axons (fascicle)
185
What is endoneurium?
A delicate, loose connective tissue that surrounds an individual axon
186
What has central control over the ANS
The hypothalamus
187
How is the ANS divided?
Into the sympathetic (thoracolumbar) and parasympathetic (craniosacral) divisions
188
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
It has a “fight or flight” or catabolic function that is necessary in emergency situations when the body needs a sudden burst of energy and the whole system tends to “go off together”
Visceromotor
189
Explain the general sympathetic pathway
Short preganglionic neuron > ganglion > long postganglionic neuron > effector organ (except in the sympathetic splanchnic nerves)
190
What does the viscerosensory component of the sympathetic nervous system (ANS) do?
Carries visceral pain sensation from nice-toes located in viscera to the CNS
191
What are nociceptors?
Free nerve endings that respond to pathologic stimuli
192
Parasympathetic division of the ANS controls…
The “rest and digest” or anabolic function to conserve energy, restore body resources, and get rid of waste
-visceromotor
193
Explain the PNS two neuron chain
- Consists of a preganglionic parasympathetic neuron and a postganglionic parasympathetic neuron
- long preganglionic neuron > ganglion > short postganglionic neuron > effector organ
194
The viscerosensory component of the parasympathetic nervous system (ANS) carries… (6 things)
1. Arterial oxygen tension (PaO2) and arterial pH information from chemoreceptors
2. Blood pressure information from baroreceptors
3. Visceral pressure and movement sensation from rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors
4. Visceral pressure and movement sensation from rapidly adapting mechanoreceptors
5. Osmolarity information from osmoreceptors
6. Temp from internal thermal receptor
195
What is diagnostic imaging used for?
To study the structure and function of the human body
196
List the 4 types of diagnostic imaging
1. X-ray/plain film
2. Ultrasound (US)
3. Computed tomography (CT)
4. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
197
What is an X-ray?
Images formed by x-rays that are passed through tissue onto a film/detector (good for bones and legs) (bad for fat and muscles)
198
What is an ultrasound?
Sound waves passed through tissue to produce an image based on the rate of reflection back to transducer (good for distinction between cystic and solid structures) (bad for bones)
199
What is a CT scan?
3D images are rendered from data set produced by a routine X-ray beam (good for soft tissue, gas, bone, and large vessels)
200
What is an MRI
3D images produced by radio waves passed through tissue in powerful magnetic field (good for bones and soft tissue)
201
pros and cons of MRI
Pros: no ionizing radiation, high spatial resolution, high soft tissue contrast
Cons: high cost, long imaging time
202
Pros and cons of CT and X-rays
Pros: fast imaging time
Cons: poor soft tissue contrast, radiation, low sensitivity
203
Pros and cons of PET and SPECT
Pros: high sensitivity, fast imaging time
Cons: low spatial resolution, radiation, cost
204
Pros and cons of ultrasounds
Pros: no ionizing radiation, good spatial resolution, low cost, fast, safe
Cons: limited sensitivity/penetration, operator dependent
205
Diagnostic imaging orientation: list the 3 key concepts
1. Position
2. Projection
3. View
206
explain positioning for diagnostic imaging orientation
Refers to the general position of the patient or the side of the patient closest to the film/detector
207
Explain projection for diagnostic imaging orientation
Refers to the direction of x-rays in relation to the patient and film/detector
- anteroposterior (AP) projection: X-rays pass through patient anteriorly to reach detector that is posterior to patient
- posteroanterior (PA) projection: X-rays travel through the patient posteriorly to reach the detector that is anterior to the patient
- lateral projection: X-rays travel laterally through patient
208
Explain view for diagnostic imaging orientation
Provides information about the plane an axis orientation
- Anteroposterior view: as if the viewer is facing the patient (R corresponds w L)
- lateral view: viewer is looking at the image from the side
for CT and MRI: plane is commonly included to aid in orientation to structures
209
What is deep fascia and why is it important?
Dense connective tissue that covers bone for strength and protection
210
How do capillaries differ from veins and arteries?
Capillaries only have 1 layer while veins and arteries have 3
211
What is an anastomosis?
Connecting arteries that repeat their own circulation before returning to the general circulation (IE the heart and brain anastomosis)
212
What is a portal system?
2 capillary networks that are connected by a portal vein
213
What is the general circulation pathway?
Heart > artery > arteriole > capillary > venule > vein
214
What is the general portal system pathway?
Heart > artery > arteriole > capillary 1 > portal vein > capillary 2 > venule > vein
215
What is pia mater comprised of?
Layers of fibroblasts and collagen fibers
216
T or F: spinal nerves are all mixed nerves
true
217
What type of cells are found in the PNS?
Schwann cells and satellite cells
218
What are the two components of the ANS?
Visceromotor and viscerosensory
219
What are the two main portal systems?
The brain (hypothalamus and pituitary) and the hepatic
220
Where is the heart located?
Base of the heart is 3 cm below the 2nd rib. Apex of the heart is located under rib 5.
On left side of sternum
221
What is an agonist muscle?
The prime mover
222
What is an antagonist muscle?
Limits how free the first muscle is
223
What is a synergist muscle?
Assists the movement (ex: the elbow follows a nice arc due to its synergist)
224
What is a fixator muscle?
Holds insertion/origin point
225
T or F: connective tissue can be everything from fluids (like blood) to solids (like bones)?
True! Both fit the definition of “formed elements of a matrix”
- elements are cells
- matrix is ground substance and fibers (reticular, collagen, elastin)
226
What does bucal mean?
Cheek
227
What does Otic mean?
Ear
228
What does frontal mean?
Forehead
229
What does crus mean?
Leg
230
What does popiteal mean?
Back of knee
231
What does cervical mean?
Neck
232
What does mamma mean?
Breast
233
What does thorax/thoracic mean?
Chest
234
What does patellar mean?
Kneecap
235
What does pollex mean?
Thumb
236
What does Nasus/nasal mean?
Nose
237
What does oris mean?
Mouth
