the abdomen pt3 retroperitoneal

Question 1

What retroperitoneal organ has both exocrine and endocrine functions and extends horizontally from the edge of the duodenum toward the left abdominal cavity, touching the spleen?

Answer 1

Pancreas

Question 2

What portion of the pancreas lies in the curvature of the duodenum?

Answer 2

Head

Question 3

What is the central, elongated portion of the pancreas extending toward the left lateral abdominal wall?

Answer 3

Body

Question 4

What portion of the pancreas approaches the spleen?

Answer 4

Tail

Question 5

What structure within the pancreas drains pancreatic juice and bicarbonate to the duodenum?

Answer 5

Pancreatic duct

Question 6

What are ductless glands whose products are secreted directly into the blood?

Answer 6

endocrine glands

Question 7

What are regulatory chemicals secreted directly into the blood by the ductless glands and carried to target cells that respond by an alteration of their metabolism?

Answer 7

Hormones

Question 8

What is the study of the endocrine system?

Answer 8

Endocrinology

Question 9

What characteristic of endocrine glands ensures that their products enter the bloodstream immediately?

Answer 9

They are highly vascular

Question 10

What is a heterocrine gland?

Answer 10

A gland that performs both exocrine and endocrine functions

Question 11

What are the clusters of endocrine cells of the pancreas?

Answer 11

Pancreatic islets

Question 12

The pancreas produces what hormones to regulate blood glucose levels?

Answer 12

Insulin
Glucagon

Question 13

What system of ducts carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum?

Answer 13

Billiary apparatus

Question 14

What structures drain bile from the left and right lobes of the liver?

Answer 14

Left and right hepatic ducts

Question 15

Structures draining the right and left lobes of the liver merge to form what structure?

Answer 15

Common hepatic duct

Question 16

What structure carries bile to and from the gallbadder?

Answer 16

Cystic duct

Question 17

The union of the cystic duct and common hepatic duct forms what structure?

Answer 17

Common bile duct

Question 18

What is the enlargement in the posterior abdominal wall where the common bile duct and pancreatic duct merge?

Answer 18

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

Question 19

Bile and pancreatic juice enter the duodenum via what structure?

Answer 19

Major duodenal papilla

Question 20

How many adrenal glands are there?

Answer 20

Two

Question 21

Where are the adrenal glands located?

Answer 21

On the superior surface of each kidney

Question 22

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 22

Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

Question 23

The adrenal cortex produces what group of hormones?

Answer 23

Corticosteroids
-aldosterone (increases BP and Salt retention
-cortisol (increase blood sugar)
-DHEA (important for sex hormone production)

Question 24

The adrenal medulla is a part of what portion of the nervous system?

Answer 24

Sympathetic division of the ANS

Question 25

The adrenal medulla produces what hormones?

Answer 25

Adrenaline (epinephrine) Norepinephrine

Question 26

What specialty in medicine focuses on the urinary system?

Answer 26

Urology

Question 27

What are the organs of the urinary system?

Answer 27

Kidneys Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

Question 28

What are the organs of the urinary tract?

Answer 28

Ureters Urinary bladder Urethra

Question 29

List the functions of the urinary system.

Answer 29

Remove waster products Storage of urine Excretion of urine Blood volume regulation Regulation of erythrocyte production (Regulation of pH of the blood) (regulation of electrolytes)

Question 30

In relation to the peritoneum, what is the position of the kidneys?

Answer 30

Retroperitoneal

Question 31

Where are the kidneys located?

Answer 31

The superior pole of each kidney is about at the level of T12 The inferior pole is about at the level of L3

Question 32

One kidney is lower than the other. Which one? Why?

Answer 32

Right kidney Large size of the right lobe of the liver

Question 33

In what part of a kidney do the vessels, nerves, and ureters connect to it?

Answer 33

Hilum

Question 34

What internal space of a kidney houses the renal arteries , renal veins, lymphatic vessels, nerves, the renal pelvis, renal calyces, and fat?

Answer 34

Renal sinus

Question 35

What layer of dense irregular connective tissue covers the outer surface of the kidney maintaining its shape, protecting it from trauma, and preventing the spread of infectious pathogens?

Answer 35

Fibrous (renal) capsule

Question 36

What layer of lipid-filled cells completely surrounds the kidney and offers cushioning and insulation?

Answer 36

Perinephric (perirenal) fat or adipose capsule

Question 37

In a coronal section what is the outer, granular layer?

Answer 37

Renal cortex

Question 38

In a coronal section what is the darker inner layer?

Answer 38

Renal medulla

Question 39

What are the triangular shaped structures within the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in coronal section?

Answer 39

Renal pyramids (medullary pyramids)

Question 40

In the darker, inner layer of a kidney seen in a coronal section what structures lay between the triangular shaped structures?

Answer 40

Renal columns

Question 41

What part of a renal pyramid projects into the renal sinus?

Answer 41

Renal papilla

Question 42

What funnel-shaped structure attaches to a renal pyramid to collect urine?

Answer 42

Minor calyx

Question 43

The funnel-shaped structures attached to the renal pyramids within the renal sinus merge to form what still larger structures?

Answer 43

Major calyces

Question 44

What large, funnel-shaped structure within the renal sinus collects urine and delivers it to the ureter?

Answer 44

Renal pelvis

Question 45

What is the main blood supply to the kidney?

Answer 45

Renal artery

Question 46

What vein drains the kidney?

Answer 46

Renal vein

Question 47

What long, fibromuscular tubes conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

Answer 47

Ureters

Question 48

What is the location of the ureters?

Answer 48

Retroperitoneal

Question 49

What rhythmic movements of smooth muscle propel urine along the length of a ureter?

Answer 49

Peristalsis

Question 50

Pain from a ureter is projected to what dermatomes? Where are these located?

Answer 50

T11-L2 (loin-groin)

Question 51

From what regions of the CNS does the sympathetic division arise?

Answer 51

The lateral horns of the T1-L2 regions of the spinal chord

Question 52

What sympathetic ganglia lie on the left and right sides of the vertebral column from T1-L2?

Answer 52

Sympathetic trunk (paravertebral or chain) ganglia

Question 53

What specific regions of the spinal cord house the cell bodies of the parasympathetic division of the ANS?

Answer 53

Lateral gray regions of the S2-S4 spinal cord segments

Question 54

What does "splanchnic" mean?

Answer 54

Visceral

Question 55

What is a "plexus"?

Answer 55

The word mean "to plait" or braid. In anatomy this word is used to describe interwoven networks of nerves or blood vessels

Question 56

What structures are composed of preganglionic axons that do not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion?

Answer 56

Splanchnic nerves

Question 57

Splanchnic nerves of the sympathetic division of the ANS terminate in what structures?

Answer 57

Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

Question 58

What pathway is postganglionic axon within if it passes through the sympathetic trunk ganglia without synapsing and extends to the prevertebral ganglia?

Answer 58

Splanchnic nerve pathway

Question 59

What pathway in the sympathetic division goes to the adrenal medulla?

Answer 59

Adrenal medulla pathway

Question 60

What are collections of sympathetic postganglionic axons and parasympathetic preganglionic axons, as well as some visceral sensory axons?

Answer 60

Autonomic plexuses

Question 61

What structures are singular rather than paired, are anterior to the vertebral column, and are located only in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 61

Prevertebral ganglia

Question 62

List the three prevertebral ganglia.

Answer 62

Celiac ganglion Superior mesenteric ganglion Inferior mesenteric ganglion

Question 63

What nerves carry fibers of the parasympathetic division of the ANS through the pelvis?

Answer 63

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

Question 64

The lumbar plexus arises from the anterior rami of what spinal nerves?

Answer 64

L1-L4