the animal body Flashcards
(21 cards)
What are the defining characteristics of animals?
Multicellular, heterotrophic eukaryotes, have tissues from embryonic layers, mobile, use traits for survival such as strength, speed, toxins, and camouflage.
Define anatomy in the context of biology.
The biological form of an organism.
What does physiology refer to?
The biological functions an organism performs.
How is a body plan determined?
It is programmed by the genome.
What is convergent evolution?
The process where distantly related organisms evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities.
List some physical laws that govern animal evolution.
- Strength
- Diffusion
- Movement
- Heat exchange
What limits the shapes of fast-swimming animals?
Water properties.
What is the relationship between the rate of exchange and cell surface area?
Rate of exchange is directly proportional to cell’s surface area.
In multicellular organisms, how do body plans facilitate material exchange?
With sac-like body plans and 2 cell thick body walls for diffusion.
What is the hierarchical organization of body plans?
Specialized cells -> tissues -> organs -> organ system.
What are the four main types of animal tissues?
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nervous
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Protection, secretion, and support.
What are the three types of muscle tissue?
- Skeletal (striated)
- Smooth
- Cardiac
What is the role of neurons in the nervous tissue?
Transmit nerve impulses.
How does the endocrine system communicate?
Transmits hormones to receptive cells throughout the body via blood.
True or False: The nervous system transmits information between specific locations.
True.
What is the difference between a regulator and a conformer in feedback control?
- Regulator: internal control mechanisms
- Conformer: allows internal conditions to vary with external changes.
What does homeostasis maintain in an organism?
A steady state or internal balance regardless of the environment.
Fill in the blank: The mechanisms of homeostasis control changes in the _______.
[internal environment]
What type of feedback reduces fluctuations in homeostasis?
Negative feedback.
Give an example of positive feedback in biological systems.
Pregnancy leading to childbirth.
