The Ankle

Question 1

The Ankle Joint Proper

• type of joint
• location
• most stable
• COG
• stabilty from

Answer 1

• modified hinge joint
• b/w trochlea of talus and lateral malleola of fib/medial malleola of tib
• dorsiflexed
• anterior
• contraction of triceps surae

Question 2

lateral ligament of ankle

• made from
• purpose

Answer 2

• 3 ligaments (attach lateral malleolus to calcaneous/talus)

- support lateral aspect of ankle, guard against excess supination

Question 3

medial deltoid ligament of ankle

• made from
• purpose

Answer 3

• 4 ligaments (attach medial malleolus to 3 tarsal bones-calcaneus, talus, navicular)
• supports medial aspect, guards against excess pronation

Question 4

anterior and posterior tibiofibular ligaments

Answer 4

-strong connection between tib and fib, stabilize ankle joint

Question 5

Dorsiflexion of ankle

• description
• muscles
• inervation

Answer 5

• approximate dorsal surface of foot and leg
• anterior crural compartment
• L5
• heel walking

Question 6

lesion of what nerve will lead to inability to heel walk? (also foot drop)

Answer 6

common fibular (trauma to neck of fibula) or L5 root
-if entire L5 root --> also have + Trendelenburg

Question 7

Plantar flexion of ankle

• description
• muscles
• inervation

Answer 7

• approximate plantar surface of foot and leg
• posterior crural compartment
• S1
• toe walking

Question 8

lesion of what nerve cases inability to toe walk

Answer 8

tibial nerve (branch of sciatic) or S1 root lesion

Question 9

Sprained ankle

Answer 9

usually lateral ligament (inversion)

varying degrees

Question 10

Turned ankle

Answer 10

• most common type
• inversion injury
• anterior talofibular ligament
• calcaneofibular ligament –> distal part of lateral malleolus avulsed (can damage growth plates if young

Question 11

Potts Fracture-Dislocation

Answer 11

• foot everted
• tear deltoid
• often avulsed medial malleolus
• lateral movement of talus and tibia cause fracture of fibula
• lateral force

Question 12

High ankle Sprain

Answer 12

• lower portion of interosseous membrane

- ant/post inferior tibiofibular ligaments

Question 13

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome

Answer 13

• irritation –> edema of synovial sheaths of tendons of deep posterior compartment
• tibial nerve compressed by flexor retinaculum
• pain at medial malleolus and calcaneous

Question 14

What are the 3 funtional/anatomical parts of the foot?

Answer 14

hindfoot (talus and calcaneus), midfoot (navicular, cuboid, and cuneiforms), forefoot (metatarsals and phalanges)

Question 15

what are the arches of the foot? what supports them?

Answer 15

medial longitudinal
-spring ligament
lateral longitudinal
-long and short plantar ligaments
transverse arch
-tendon of the fibularis longus

Question 16

What are the joints of the foot?

Answer 16

subtalar
transverse tarsal
tarsometatarsal

Question 17

Subtalar Joint

• location
• action

Answer 17

• b/w calcaneous and body of talus

- inversion and eversion (along with transverse tarsal)

Question 18

Transverse Tarsal Joint

• location
• action

Answer 18

-articulation of talus and navicular and articulation of calcaneus and cuboid
(separate joints make this one joint)
-inversion and eversion (along with subtalar)

Question 19

Tarsometatarsal Joints

-location

Answer 19

little movement capability
help adapt to uneven ground
-b/w cuneiform and metatarsal

Question 20

Which joints supinate and pronate foot?

Answer 20

subtalar and transverse tarsal

Question 21

inversion/supination of foot

• joints
• muscles
• nerves
• blood supply

Answer 21

• subtalar, transverse tarsal
• tibialis anterior, tibilais posterior
• deep branch of common fibular nerve (L4), tibial nerve (S1)
• anterior/posterior tibial arteries

Question 22

eversion/pronation of foot

• joints
• muscles
• nerves
• blood supply

Answer 22

• subtalar and transverse tarsal
• lateral crural compartment (fibularis longus/brevis)
• superficial branch of common fibular nerve (L5)
• fibular artery (branch of the posterior tibial artery)

Question 23

What causes flat feet?

Answer 23

weak medial longitudinal arch and spring ligament

• head of talus moves inferiorly
• medial longitudinal arch flattens
• metatarsals and phalanges deviate laterally
• inappropriate weight transfer while walking

Question 24

What is Hallux Valgus?

Answer 24

lateral deviation of big toe

• often bunon forms at metatarsal phalangeal jiont
• first metatarsal shifts medially, associated sesamoid bones displace laterally

Question 25

What is Club Foot?

Answer 25

congenital foot deformity of subtalar joint

• inversion of foot, plantar flexion of ankle, adduction of metatarsals and phalanges
• weight bearing on metatarsals and phalanges
• difficult to walk

Question 26

what are the triceps curae? what is their function?

Answer 26

grastrocnemeus and soleus

plantar flexion

Question 27

Which muscles are involved in dorsiflexing the ankle?

Answer 27

tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallicus longus
fibularis tertius

Question 28

Which musces plantar flex ankle?

Answer 28

gastrocnemius

soleus