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Anatomy and Physiology > The Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

The Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones are found in an adult human body?

A

~206

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2
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Forms longitudinal axis of body

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3
Q

What are the bones of the axial skeleton

A

Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, and thoracic cage

It is the framework that supports the brain, spinal cord, and organs of the ventral body cavity

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4
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton?

A

Bones of the limbs and girdles that connect them to axial skeleton

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5
Q

What is the function of bone markings?

A

Attachment of muscles, grooves for nerves & blood vessels, bone articulations s

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6
Q

Bone markings

What is a projection or process?

A

Any projection or bump

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7
Q

Explain what a head projection/process is

A

The expanded articular end of an epiphysis, seperated from the shaft by a neck

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8
Q

Explain what a tuberosity process is, it attaches what?

A

Process formed where tendons or ligaments attach

A smaller rough projection

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9
Q

Explain what a tubercle process is, it attaches what?

A

Processes formed where tendons or ligaments attach

A small rounded projection

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10
Q

Explain what a condyle process is, it attaches to what?

A

Processes formed for articulation with adjacent bones

A smooth, rounded articular process

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11
Q

What is a fossa

A

A depression

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12
Q

What is a foramen?

A

An opening, rounded passageway for blood vessels or nerves

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13
Q

How many frontal bones does an adult skeleton have?

A

1

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14
Q

What is the frontal bones function

A

Forms forehead and upper parts of orbits

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15
Q

What are some special features or landmarks of the frontal bone?

A

Contains frontal-sinus mucus cavity

Formed by the union of 2 bones at metopic suture: usually disappears by age 8 when bones fuse

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16
Q

What is the metopic suture?

A

Forms the frontal bone usually disappears by age 8

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17
Q

How many parietal bones does an adult skeleton have?

A

2

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18
Q

What does the parietal bone form?

A

Forms sides and roof of cranium

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19
Q

How many temporal bones does an adult skeleton have?

A

2

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20
Q

What is the function of the temporal bones?

A

Forms lateral wall of cranium and part of cranial floor

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21
Q

What are the specific processes of the temporal bone?

A 
Zygomatic process 
Mastoid process 
Styloid process 
External auditory canal
Mandibular fossa
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22
Q

Explain what the zygomatic process of the temporal bone does

A

Forms posterior part of the zygomatic arch

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23
Q

Explain what the mastoid process of the temporal bone does

A

Rounded projection behind ear is a muscle attachment site

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24
Q

Explain what the styloid process of the temporal bone does

A

Slender spike extending downward

Where ligaments attach that support hyoid bone

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25
Q

Explain what external auditory canal in the temporal bone does?

A

Canal leading to middle ear

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26
Q

Explain what the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone does

A

Depression on inferior surface which forms socket for mandible

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27
Q

How many occipital bones does an adult human skeleton have

A

1

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28
Q

What is the function of the occipital bone

A

Forms much of the posterior and inferior surfaces of the cranium

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29
Q

What are the special features of the occipital bone?

A

Occipital condyles

Foramen magnum

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30
Q

Explain what the occipital condyles of the occipital bone does

A

Oval processes that articulate with the first cervical vertebra knuckle like projection

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31
Q

Explain what the foramen magnum of the occipital bone does

A

Large hole, connects the cranial cavity to the spinal cavity; surrounds connection between brain and spinal cord

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32
Q

How many ethmoid bones can be found in an adult skeleton?

A

1

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33
Q

What is the function of the ethmoid bone

A

Irregularly shaped; forms inner surface of cranial floor, medial walls of orbit, roof of nasal cavity, and superior part of nasal septum

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34
Q

What are the special features or landmarks of the ethmoid bone? (5)

A 
Cribiform plate 
Crista galli
Superior and Middle Nasal conchae 
Perpendicular plate 
Ethmoid sinus
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35
Q

Explain what the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone does

A

Forms floor of cranium and roof nasal cavity, contains perforations= olfactory bulb

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36
Q

Explain what the crista galli of the ethmoid bone does

A

Upward projecting triangular process, attachment site for meninges of brain

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37
Q

Explain what the superior and middle nasal conchae of the ethmoid bone does

A

Forms lateral masses that form walls of nasal cavity

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38
Q

Explain what the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone does

A

Slender process in midline that forms upper part of nasal septum

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39
Q

Explain what the ethmoid sinus of the ethmoid bone does

A

Mucus lined cavities

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40
Q

How many sphenoid bones does the adult skeleton have

A

1

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41
Q

What is the function of the sphenoid bone?

A

Keystone of cranial floor; acts as a cross brace to strengthen skull by extending from one side of cranium to other; resembles bat with wings extended; forms side of skull, most of cranial floor and part of the orbit

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42
Q

What are the special features or landmarks of sphenoid bone? (4)

A

Body
Sella turcica
Greater wing
Sphenoidal sinus

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43
Q

Explain what the body of the sphenoid bone does

A

Central portion

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44
Q

Explain what the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone does

A

Saddle shaped depression on superior surface

Pituitary gland sits here

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45
Q

Explain what the greater wing of the sphenoid bone does

A

Lateral projections that form part of orbit and lateral walls of skull anterior to temporal bone

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46
Q

Explain what the sphenoidal sinus of the sphenoid bone does

A

Mucus lined cavities

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47
Q

Facial bones

How many nasal bones does an adult human skeleton have?

A

2

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48
Q

What is the function of the nasal bone

A

Forms bridge of nose

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49
Q

How many maxillary bones will you find in an adult skeleton?

A

2

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50
Q

What is the function of the maxillary bones? What does it form

A

Forms upper jaw and parts of orbit, anterior part of roof of mouth (hard palate)

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51
Q

How many zygomatic bones will you find in an adult skeleton?

A

2

52
Q

Explain the function of the zygomatic bone what does it form?

A

Forms part of zygomatic arch and part of outer wall and floor of orbit

53
Q

What are the 2 special features/landmarks of the maxillary bone?

A

Maxillary sinus

Palatine process

54
Q

Explain what the maxillary sinus of the maxillary bone does

A

Mucus lined cavity

55
Q

Explain what the palatine process of the maxillary bone does

A

Horizontal projection that forms bony roof of mouth anterior 2/3 hard palate

56
Q

How many mandibles can you find in an adult skeleton?

A

1

57
Q

What is the function of the mandible?

A

Lower jaw main horizontal part forms chin

58
Q

What are the two special features of the mandible?

A

Alveolar process

Mandibular condyle

59
Q

Explain what the alveolar process of the mandible does

A

Sockets for teeth

60
Q

Explain what the mandibular condyle does

A

Articulates with mandibular fossa of temporal bone

61
Q

What is the function of the palatine bone?

A

Forms posterior part of hard and small part of orbit floor

62
Q

What is the function of the inferior nasal conchae?

A

Forms lower part of lateral walls of nasal cavity

63
Q

What is the function of the vomer bone?

A

Forms lower part of nasal septum

64
Q

Explain what a suture is

A

Immovable joints between skull bones

65
Q

What is a wormian (sutural bones)

A

Usually present along a lambdoid suture

66
Q

What is a an orbit

Special features of the skull

A

Made up of several bones bony recesses that contain the eyes

67
Q

What forms the superior portion of the nasal septum

A

Perpendicular plates of ethmoid bone

68
Q

What forms the perpendicular plate of the nasal septum

A

Ethmoid

69
Q

What forms the perpendicular plate of the inferior portion of the nasal septum

A

Vomer

70
Q

What are the three main qualities brought about by the paranasal sinuses

A

Lightens the skull
Extensive area of mucous epithelium
Sound quality of voice

71
Q

What are fontanels what are their function?

A

Fetal skulls large fibrous areas between cranial bones
Distortion of skull for delivery
Allows for brain growth to continue after birth

72
Q

What is the function of the hyoid bone

A

Horseshoe shaped bone in neck between mandible and larynx

73
Q

What are the special features or landmarks of the hyoid bone

A

Supports tongue and serves as attachment for muscles

74
Q

What is the vertebral column

A

A flexible segmented rod that is shaped like an elongated “S”

75
Q

What is the function of the vertebral column

A

Forms axis of body and encloses spinal cord

76
Q

Why is the spinal column curved

A

Allows body to remain in balance when standing upright

77
Q

Name the four curves of the spinal column

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

78
Q

When curves in the spine are posterior it’s called ___

A

Concave

79
Q

When curves in the spine are anterior it’s called ___

A

Convex

80
Q

What are the primary curves

A

Ones you are born with

Thoracic and sacral

81
Q

What are secondary curves

A

Ones you develop after birth

Cervical & lumbar

82
Q

What is kyphosis?

A

Exaggeration of thoracic curve

83
Q

What is lordosis

A

Exaggeration of lumbar curve

84
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

Abnormal lateral curvature of spine

85
Q

Features of a Typical Vertebra

Explain what the body of typical vertebra is?

A

Thick, disc-shaped anterior part of vertebrae

86
Q

The vertebral arch of a typical vertebra is formed by what 2 things?

A

Pedicles and lamina

87
Q

Explain what a pedicicle is within the vertebral arch

A

Two short thick projections which extend posteriorly from body

88
Q

Explain what a lamina is within the vertebral arch

A

Flat part that joins to form the dorsal wall of the vertebral arch

89
Q

What is the vertebral foramen

A

Hole in the center of a vertebra formed by the union of the body, pedicels and lamina

90
Q

What are the 3 characteristics that make the cervical vertebra unique?

A

Small
Spinous process is split
Transverse foramen in transverse processes

91
Q

What are the things that make the atlas or C1 unique

A

No body
No spinous process
Large round vertebral foramen
Contains superior articular surfaces

92
Q

How does the atlas get its name

A

Holds up head

93
Q

What action is provided by the joint between the atlas and the occipital condyles?

A

Nod head

94
Q

Explain what defines the C2 or axis

A

Has a body

Contains a peg-like projection called the odontoid process or dens that extends into the atlas

95
Q

What action is provided by the joint between the axis and the atlas?

A

Rotate head

96
Q

In babies the dens is not fully fused to the axis. Why is shaking dangerous to a baby?

A

Dens can break go into brain

97
Q

Why is the C7 the vertebra prominens unique?

A

Long non-bifid process (does not have transverse foramina)

Largest cervical vertebra

98
Q

How many thoracic vertebra are there

A

12

99
Q

Explain the size of the thoracic vertebra

A

Larger than cervical vertebra

100
Q

Explain what the spinous process is like in the thoracic vertebra

A

Spinous process is long, pointed, and directed inferiorly

101
Q

Explain the transverse processes in the thoracic cavity

A

Long and heavy transverse processes that have facets for articulations with ribs
Bodies have facets or partial facets (Demi-facets) for articulation with ribs

102
Q

What function do the lumbar vertebra do?

A

Largest and strongest vertebra supports weight if body

103
Q

Explain the spinous process of the lumbar vertebra

A

Square projects posteriorly

104
Q

Explain what the transverse lines on the anterior side of the sacrum are

A

Points where vertebrae have fused

105
Q

Explain what the thorax is

A

Bony cage formed by sternum, costal cartilages, ribs, and bodies of thoracic vertebra

106
Q

What are the three different parts of the sternum

A

Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid

107
Q

Explain what the manubrium is

A

Triangular superior portion

108
Q

Explain what the body of the sternum is

A

Middle, tongue shaped, largest portion

109
Q

Explain what the xiphoid process of the sternum is

A

Inferior, smallest portion

110
Q

How many pairs of ribs do most people have

A

12 pairs= 24 pairs

111
Q

What are the three main features of ribs

A

Head
Tubercle
Body/shaft

112
Q

Explain what the head on the rib is

A

Projection at posterior end of rib

113
Q

Explain what the tubercle of the rib is

A

Knoblike elevation

114
Q

Explain what the body/shaft of the rib is

A

Flat, main part of rib

115
Q

What is the real name for true ribs

A

Vertebrosternal

116
Q

How many pairs are in the vertebrosternal ribs

A

1-7

117
Q

What is the anterior articulation of vertebrosternal ribs

A

Costal cartilages of sternum

118
Q

What is the posterior articulation of the vertebrosternal ribs

A

Thoracic vertebrae

119
Q

What are the two kinds of vertebrochondral ribs

A

Vertebrochondral

Vertebral/floating

120
Q

Which sets of ribs are the vertebrochondral ribs

A

8-10

121
Q

Where is the anterior articulation of the vertebrochondral ribs

A

Costal cartilage of rib 7

122
Q

What is the posterior articulation of the vertebrochondral ribs

A

Thoracic vertebrae

123
Q

Which of the ribs are the vertebral/floating

A

11,12

124
Q

What is the anterior articulation of the vertebral/floating ribs

A

Not attached directly

125
Q

What is the posterior articulation of the vertebral/floating ribs

A

Thoracic vertebrae

Anatomy and Physiology (5 decks)

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