The Integumentary System

Question 1

What are the two major components of the integumentary system?

Answer 1

Skin- cutaneous membrane

Accessory structures

Question 2

How many layers does the skin have?

Answer 2

3

Question 3

What are the three layers of the skin?

Answer 3

The epidermis (superficial epithelium)
Dermis (underlying layers connective tissue)
Hypodermis (loose connective tissue)

Question 4

What is the name of the tissue of the epidermis?

Answer 4

Stratified squamous epithelium

Question 5

What are the two types of cells found in the epidermis?

Answer 5

Keratinocytes and melanocytes

Question 6

What are the five layers that can be found in the epidermis? In order

Answer 6

Stratum corneum 
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum 
Stratum spinosum
Stratum germinativum or basale

Question 7

Explain some characteristics of stratum corneum

Answer 7

15-30 rows of dead flat cells 
Keratinization occurs 
Intermediate filaments 
Superficial layer cells
Forms protective waterproof covering

Question 8

Explain some characteristics of stratum lucidum

Answer 8

Found in thick skin only
Clear layer
Keratinocytes flat packed together filled with keratin

Question 9

Explain some characteristics stratum granulosum

Answer 9

Darkly stained layer containing 3-5 rows keratinocytes have stopped dividing
Keratinocytes begin to die and dehydrate

Question 10

Explain some characteristics of stratum spinosum

Answer 10

8-10 rows of spiny shaped keratinocytes held together by desmosomes
Langerhan cells function in immune response
Attack microorganisms that enter superficial layer

Question 11

Explain some characteristics of stratum germinativum/basale

Answer 11

Single layer attached to basement membrane seperates epidermis and dermis
Location of melanocytes
Protects keratinocytes from UV rays

Question 12

What is the type of tissue found in the dermis? What else is contained in the dermis

Answer 12

Connective tissue contains blood vessels and accessory structures

Question 13

What are the three layers of the dermis? In order

Answer 13

Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Hypodermis

Question 14

Explain what the papillary layer of the dermis is made of and what it contains

Answer 14

Made of areolar CT
Contains capillaries and sensory nerves
Contains finger like projections called papillae
Gives ridge like patterns to skin fingerprints

Question 15

Explain what the reticular layer of the dermis is made of and what it does

Answer 15

Composed of dense irregular CT 
Contains sensory receptors 
Contains blood vessels 
Contains hair follicles 
Fiber bundles responsible for "lines of cleavage"

Question 16

What is the hypodermis composed of?

Answer 16

Composed of areolar CT and adipose tissue

Question 17

Explain what lines of cleavage means

Answer 17

Collagen and elastic fibers are arranged in parallel bundles
Oriented to resist forces applied to skin during movement

Question 18

What is the clinical significance to cutting parallel to a line of cleavage

Answer 18

Will heal w/little scarring

Question 19

What would be the clinical significance to cutting perpendicular to a line of cleavage

Answer 19

Creates scarring b/c wound will remain open

Question 20

How are stretch marks formed?

Answer 20

Formed when elastic properties of the skin are exceeded damage to dermis

Question 21

What are the two pigments responsible for skin color?

Answer 21

Carotene and melanin

Question 22

What is the color of carotene

Answer 22

Orange yellow pigment

Question 23

What is the color of melanin

Answer 23

Brown, yellow-brown or black

Question 24

The pigment melanin is manufactured in cells called ___? In the ____ layer of the epidermis.

Answer 24

Melanocytes

Stratum basale

Question 25

What is the function of melanin?

Answer 25

Protects epidermis and dermis from harmful effects of sunlight

Question 26

Where is hair not located on the human body?

Answer 26

Sides and soles of feet palms of hand sides of fingers and toes lips

Question 27

What are the 2 types of hairs?

Answer 27

Vellus hairs and terminal hairs

Question 28

Explain what a vellus hair is where it is

Answer 28

Fine hairs located over much of the body surface

Question 29

Explain what a terminal hair is where it is

Answer 29

Heavy deeply pigmented and sometimes curly | *some vellus hairs will become terminal hairs at puberty

Question 30

What determines hair color?

Answer 30

Determined by pigment produced by melanocytes at the papilla Dark brown, yellow brown, or red

Question 31

Explain how hair growth works

Answer 31

Hair root cells absorb and incorporate nutrients into growing hair

Question 32

Explain how hair is replaced what is a club hair?

Answer 32

Hair in an inactive follicle-club hair new hair will push the old one out

Question 33

What are the functions of hair?

Answer 33

Insulation Protection from uv light Prevents entry of foreign particles Sensory receptors

Question 34

What do glands do?

Answer 34

Produce exocrine secretions

Question 35

What are the two types of glands?

Answer 35

Sebaceous | Sudoriferous

Question 36

What do sebaceous glands do?

Answer 36

They are oil glands Holocrine glands discharge oily lipid secretions into hair follicles Produce sebum which inhibits growth of bacteria lubricates and protects hair shaft

Question 37

What do sudoriferous glands do?

Answer 37

Sweat producing glands

Question 38

What are the 2 types of sudoriferous glands?

Answer 38

Eccrine and apocrine

Question 39

Explain what a eccrine sweat gland does (merocrine sweat gland)

Answer 39

Discharge secretions directly to surface of skin Produces watery perspiration Cooling surface of skin Excretions of water & electrolytes protection from microorganisms

Question 40

Explain what a sudoriferous sweat gland does, where do you find them in the body?

Answer 40

Secretes products into hair follicles Sticky, cloudy, odorous secretion Begin secreting at puberty Armpits, nipples, pubic region

Question 41

Explain the purpose of nails

Answer 41

Protect exposed dorsal surface of tips of fingers and toes

Question 42

What does the integumentary system do that correlates with the digestive system

Answer 42

Synthesis of vitamin D essential for normal calcium and phosphorus absorption

Question 43

The synthesis of vitamin D is important to the digestive system and the integumentary system but what are the 3 other systems its important to?

Answer 43

Skeletal system, muscular system, endocrine system

Question 44

Why is the synthesis of vitamin D important for the skeletal system

Answer 44

Bone maintenance and growth

Question 45

Why is the synthesis of vitamin D important for the muscular system?

Answer 45

Necessary for muscle contraction

Question 46

Why is the synthesis of vitamin D important for the endocrine system

Answer 46

Hormone production

Question 47

Explain how the integumentary system and the nervous system are related

Answer 47

Receptors in deep epidermis and dermis provide sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, temperature, and pain

Question 48

Explain how the integumentary system and the cardiovascular system are related

Answer 48

Can stimulate localized changes in blood flow

Question 49

Explain how the integumentary system is related to the lymphoid system

Answer 49

Provides physical barriers that prevent entry of pathogens

Question 50

Explain how the integumentary system is related to the respiratory system

Answer 50

Guard nasal cavity

Question 51

Explain how the integumentary system is related to the urinary system

Answer 51

Assists in excretion of water and solutes can also limit fluid loss through the skin

Question 52

Explain how the integumentary system is related to the reproductive system

Answer 52

Covers external genitalia and provides sensations that stimulate sexual behaviors