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Anatomy > The Back > Flashcards

The Back Flashcards

1
Q

What are the posterior-axis-appendicular muscles (back muscles)?

A

Made up of intrinsic and extrinsic back muscles

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2
Q

What are the scapulohumeral muscles?

A

Deltoid muscles Teres major Rotator cuff muscles (SITS)

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3
Q

What are the the extrinsic back muscles (layer 1 )

A

Trapezius Latissimus dorsi

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4
Q

What are the 2nd layer of the extrinsic back muscles?

A
  1. Levetor scapulae 2. Rhomboid minor 3. Rhomboid major
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5
Q

What are the muscles of the 3rd layer of the extrinsic back muscles?

A

Serratus posterior group: Superior and inferior

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6
Q

Where do the extrinsic muscles of the back develop?

A

The ventral body wall (hypomere)

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7
Q

What innervates the extrinsic muscles?

A

Ventral primary rami

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8
Q

Where do intrinsic back muscles develop?

A

In situ ( isn’t he original place) from epimere

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9
Q

What innervates the intrinsic back muscles?

A

Dorsal primary rami of spinal nerves

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10
Q

Where does the intercrestal plane lie?

A

Between the two iliac crest across to the spinous process of L4.

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11
Q

What is the intercrestal line used for ?

A

Lumbar puncture to draw Csf or for anesthesia

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12
Q

What is the foramen magnum for?

A

Exit of the spinal cord

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13
Q

What are the anterior axis-appendicular muscle? (Thoraco-appendicular pectoral)

A

Pect. Major and minor Subclavius Serratus anterior

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14
Q

Origin of trapezius

A

Occipital bone Ligamentum nuchae The spinous processes of T1-12

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15
Q

Innvervation of trapezius

A

Spinal Accessory spinal nerve

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16
Q

Overhead abduction is done by

A

Serratus anterior and trapezius

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17
Q

Latissimus Dorsi Origin

A

Inferior 6 spinous processes thoracic process Inferior 4 ribs Inferior angle of scapulae Thoracic lumbar fasciae Iliac crest

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18
Q

Insertion of Latissimus Dorsi

A

Intertubucular grove of humerus

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19
Q

Innveration of Latissimus Dorsi and Vessel

A

Thorcodorsal nerve (long scapular) V: Thoracodorsal artery

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20
Q

Action of latissimus dorsi

A

EAM ( Extend, Adductor and medically rotate) *swimming muscle

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21
Q

What muscles are in the rhomboid group? Innervation? Blood supply?

A

Name:Levator Scapulae, Rhomboid minor, Rhomboid Major N:dorsal scapular nerve Blood: deep branch of transverse cervical artery

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22
Q

What are the 5 muscles attached to c2 nerve (suboccipital)

A

Obliq. Capitis sup. + inf. Rectus capitis major + minor Semispsinalis capitis

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23
Q

What are the 8 pairs of muscles attached to c2?

A

?

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24
Q

Where does the inter-cristal plane pass over?

A

Spinous process of L4

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25
Q

What do you pass during. Lumbar puncture?

A

Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament Dura mater Arachnoid mater Stop at subarachnoid space

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26
Q

In a caudal epidural anesthesia, the needle is inserted into where?

A

The epidural

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27
Q

What part of the spine is especially prone to herniation?

A

Lumber spine due to the entire weight of the axis resting on it

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28
Q

What is the most common place where herniation or prolapse will occur?

A

The lumber region at the 5 & 7 o’clock positions where the annulus fibrosis is unsupported

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29
Q

Where does the ALL reinforce the IVD?

A

From the 9 to 3 o’clock position

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30
Q

Where does the Pll reinforce the disc at?

A

6 o’clock position

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31
Q

Where is dislocation most common in the spine?

A

The cervical region

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32
Q

What nerve will herniation compress?

A

The nerve below it Ex: l4 herniation will defect l5 nerve

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33
Q

What does occulta mean for rural tube defects?

A

The spina bífida is not obvious I.e tuft of hair in the back

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34
Q

What is the O/I of the Trapezius?

A

O: superior nuchal line, External occipital protuberance, Nuchal ligament, Spinous process of C7-T12 I: Clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula

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35
Q

Innervation and vessels of trapezius?

A

Spinal accessory (motor), cervical spinal never c3-c4 Vessels: superficial branch of transverse cervical artery

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36
Q

Actions of Trapezius?

A

Elevation, Retraction and Rotation of Scapula

37
Q

O/I of Latissimus dorsi?

A

O: spinous processes of T7-T12 (lower 6), thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inferior 3-4 ribs I: intertubercular groove of humerus

38
Q

Innervation and vessel of Latissimus dorsi?

A

I: thoracodorsal nerve V: thorcodorsal artery

39
Q

Action of latissimus dorsi?

A

EAM- (Extend, adducts and medically rotates) Note: it’s the swimming muscle

40
Q

Innervation and blood supply of rhomboid group (includes levator scapulae)?

A

I: dorsal scapular nerve B: deep branch of transverse cervical artery

41
Q

O/I of rhomboid minor?

A

O:ligamentum nuchae, c7 and T1 spinous processes I: base of spine of scapula

42
Q

O/i of rhomboid major?

A

O: T2-T5 spinous processes I: below base of scapula dorsally

43
Q

Action of rhomboid group?

A

Major/minor: retraction of scapula (push up muscle) Levator scapulae: elevates scapula and tilts glenoid cavity down

44
Q

O/I of levator scapulae?

A

O: posterior tubercles of transverse processes of c1-c4 I: medial border of scapula (superior angle)

45
Q

Action of Levator Scapulae?

A

Elevates scapula & tilts glenoid process inferior lay by rotation

46
Q

What is the innervation and blood supply of the serratus posterior muscles?

A

Intercostal nerve B: intercostal arteries

47
Q

O/I of serratus posterior superior ?

A

O: mucho ligament, c7-t1 spines I: superior borders of ribs 2-4

48
Q

O/I of serratus posterior inferior?

A

O: spinous processes of T11-L3 I: Inferior borders of ribs 8/9-12

49
Q

Where do the two rectus capitis minor muscles meet?

A

At the posterior tubercle of atlas

50
Q

What two muscles meet at the transverse proces of axis in the suboccipital triangle?

A

Obliquus capitis superior and inferior

51
Q

What muscles define the suboccipital triangle?

A

The two obliquus (sup/inf) Rectus capitis posterior major

52
Q

What emerges from the suboccipital triangle?

A

Vertebral artery Suboccipital nerve

53
Q

What is the Myodural bridge?

A

The connection between the suboccipital muscles and the dura matter

54
Q

What is the significance of the myodural bridge MDB?

A

Plays a role in sensory and motor control. -stabilization and potency of the spinal cord -monitoring and modulation of tension in the region and prevention of the dura from fold in

55
Q

What can happen if there is an imbalance in the myodural bridge MDB?

A

Intractable headaches

56
Q

Name the nerve and blood supply of the suboccipital muscles and what other muscle these innervates.

A

Suboccipital nerve -nourished by vertebral and occipital arteries (Branches) Muscle: semispinalis capitis

57
Q

What is the origin and insertion of the Rectus capitis posterior major?

A

O: spinous process of axis (c2) I: lateral portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line

58
Q

What is the function of Rectus capitis posterior major?

A

Extension of head Rotation of face to same side as muscle

59
Q

What is the origin and insertion of rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

O: posterior tubercle of atlas I: medial portion of occipital bone below inferior nuchal line

60
Q

What is the action of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

Extension of head

61
Q

What is the origin and insertion of obliquus capitis superior?

A

O: Transverse process of atlas (c1) I: Occipital bone between superior and inferior nuchal lines

62
Q

What is the function of obliquus capitis superior?

A

Extension of head an bends to same side

63
Q

What is the origin and insertion of obliquus capitis inferior?

A

O: spinous process of axis I: transverse process of atlas (c1)

64
Q

What is the function of obliquus capitis inferior?

A

Rotation of face to same side

65
Q

What are the borders of the auscultation triangle?

A

Medial border of scapula Lateral border of trapezius Superior border of latissimus dorsi muscle

66
Q

What is the site of a lumbar hernia?

A

Triangle of petit (lumbar triangle)

67
Q

What are the borders of the lumbar triangle?

A

Superior ridge of iliac crest Lateral border of latissimus dorsi muscle Lateral border of external oblique muscle

68
Q

What are the branches of the thoracic aorta?

A

Bronchial Esophageal Subcostal Tracheal Pericardial Intercostal Medialstinal Phrenic

69
Q

What is the artery of sudden death?

A

Left anterior descending artery

70
Q

What does the right atrium have?

A

Pectinate muscle

71
Q

What does the right ventricle have?

A

Tubercular carnae

72
Q

What are the 8 vessels of the heart?

A
  1. Superior vena cava (SVC) 2. Inferior vena cava (IVC) 3. Pulmonary artery 4. Pulmonary veins (4 total) 5. Aorta
73
Q

What arteries are used for coronary artery bypass?

A

First: great saphenous vein Now: internal thoracic artery

74
Q

What is periocardiocentesis?

A

A procedure were you drain fluid from the pericardium

75
Q

Mediastinum (place holder)

A

A- arches (azygous veins and ascending aorta) B- Bifurcations (trachea and pulmonary arteries) C- Change of direction ( esophagus and thoracic duct) -The thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein

76
Q

What is the innervation to the diaphragm??

A

C3,c4,c5 “keep the diaphragm alive”

77
Q

What structures pass through the diaphragm and at what level?

A

T8- inferior vena cava T10- esophagus with Vagus nerve T12- Descending thoracic aorta

78
Q

What is a sliding hernia?

A

When part of the lower stomach rises above lower esophageal sphincter

79
Q

What is a paraesophageal hernia?

A

When the fundus of the stomach rises above the Lower esophageal sphincter

80
Q

What stomach hernia is a medical emergency?

A

Congenital diephragmatic hernia

81
Q

What is a congenital diaphragmatic hernia?

A

A congenital disorder of the diaphragm where the abdominal contents rupture through the left (MC) side thus impeding the function of the left lung

82
Q

Which lung has 3 lobes?

A

The right lung “Tri to be right”

83
Q

Why does the left lung have only two lobes?

A

To make room for the heart

84
Q

Where can you find the arch of the aorta?

A

Left lung

85
Q

Where can you find the arch of azygous?

A

Right lung

86
Q

Where do solids go when they enter the lungs?

A

The right lung in the lower lobe when sitting or standing

87
Q

Where do liquids go when they enter the lungs?

A

Superior segmental bronchus of lower lobes (SuLL)

88
Q

What is Mendelson syndrome?

A

A chemical pneumonitis or aspiration pneumonitis caused by aspiration during anaesthesia, especially during pregnancy.

Anatomy (23 decks)

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