The Basics

Question 1

SBAT

Answer 1

Handover Report format: Situation (concise statement of the problem); Background (relevant, brief information about the patient situation); Assessment (your assessment findings, and what you think); Treatment (care that has been provided to the patient

Question 2

Information on a Patient Care Report

Answer 2

Chief complaint or chief concern
Mechanism of injury or nature of illness
Level of consciousness (AVPU)
Vital signs
Initial and ongoing assessment
Patient demographics
Transport information

Question 3

CHART Standardized Narrative

Answer 3

Chief Complaint or Chief Concern
History (details relating to the current event and the patient’s medical history)
Assessments (All assessments you perform, vital signs, and physical examination)
Treatments (Rx) (Detail all interventions that were performed
Transport (How the patient was moved to the ambulance, why they were moved that way, how the patient was transported (position, how they were secured), if lights and sirens were used, where they were taken, and the person to whom the report was given and care was transferred.

Question 4

SOAP Method - Standardized Narrative

Answer 4

Subjective: info provided by the patient or others on scene. Includes chief complaint, mechanism of injury, events leading up to the incident, and medical history
Objective: details from patient assessment
Assessment: Key findings, if appropriate provide your impression of what the patient’s problems might be
Plan: document treatment provided for the patient.

Question 5

Superior/Inferior

Answer 5

Superior - nearer the head than the reference point
Inferior - nearer the feet than the reference point

Question 6

Lateral/Medial

Answer 6

Lateral means lying further from the midline of the body. Parts that lie closer to the midline are called medial (inner) structures

Question 7

Proximal/Distal

Answer 7

Proximal describes structures closer to the trunk
Distal describes structures that are farther from the trunk or nearer to the free end of the extremity

Question 8

Superficial/Deep

Answer 8

Superficial is closer to the skin, deep is farther inside the body or tissue and away from the skin

Question 9

Abrasion/laceration

Answer 9

An abrasion is a superficial wound, a laceration is a deeper cut

Question 10

Ventral/Dorsal

Answer 10

Ventral is the belly side of the body
Dorsal is the spinal side of the body

Question 11

Anterior/posterior

Answer 11

Anterior - the front side of the body
Posterior - the back side of the body

Question 12

Palmar/plantar

Answer 12

Palmar - the front region of the hand
Plantar - the bottom of the foot

Question 13

Apex

Answer 13

The tip of a structure

Question 14

Flexion/extension

Answer 14

Flexion is decreasing the angle of the joint
Extension is increasing the angle of the joint

Question 15

Prone/Supine

Answer 15

Prone is lying face down
Supine is lying face up

Question 16

Fowler position

Answer 16

Semi-reclining position with the head elevated

Question 17

The anatomic planes

Answer 17

Frontal - runs vertically through the body, dividing it into front and back sections
Sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right sections
transverse plane - divides the body into top and bottom sections

Question 18

3 primary functions of the skeletal system

Answer 18

Provide structural support to bear the body’s weight; establish a framework to attach soft tissues and internal organs; protect vital organs

Question 19

CPR Ratio - adults - 1 rescuer

Answer 19

30:2
This is the same with 1 or 2 rescuers

Question 20

CPR Ratio - adults - 2 rescuers

Answer 20

30:2
This is the same with 1 or 2 rescuers

Question 21

CPR Ratio - child or infant - 1 rescuer

Answer 21

30:2

Question 22

CPR Ratio - child or infant - 2 rescuers

Answer 22

15:2

Question 23

Compression Rate - CPR

Answer 23

100-120/minute

Question 24

Compression Depth - adults

Answer 24

At least 2”

Question 25

Compression Depth - Child

Answer 25

At least 1/3 of the chest diameter - about 2"

Question 26

Compression Depth - Infant

Answer 26

At least 1/3 of the chest diameter - about 1.5"

Question 27

Hand Placement - CPR - Adult

Answer 27

2 hands on the lower half of the breastbone

Question 28

Hand Placement - CPR - Child

Answer 28

2 hands or one hand (optional for a very small child) on the lower half of the breastbone (sternum)

Question 29

Hand Placement - CPR - Infant - 1 Rescuer

Answer 29

2 fingers in the center of the chest, just below the nipple line

Question 30

Hand Placement - CPR - Infant - 2 Rescuers

Answer 30

2 thumbs - encircling hands in the center of the chest just below the nipple line

Question 31

Rescue Breathing Rate - Adult

Answer 31

1 breath every 6 seconds; 10 breaths/minute

Question 32

Rescue Breathing Rate - Child and Infant

Answer 32

1 breath every 3-5 seconds; 12-20 breaths/minute

Question 33

Life Stages and ages

Answer 33

Neonate: 0 to 1 month Infant: 1 month to 1 year Toddler: 1 to 3 years Preschool age: 3 to 6 years School age: 6 to 12 years Adolescent: 12 to 18 years Early adult: 19-40 years Middle adult: 41-60 years Older adult: 61 years and up

Question 34

Neonate standard vitals

Answer 34

Pulse Rate: 100-180 bpm Respirations: 30-60 breaths/min Systolic Blood Pressure: 50 to 70 Temperature: 98 to 100

Question 35

Infant standard vitals

Answer 35

Pulse Rate: 100-160 bpm Respirations: 25-50 breaths/min Systolic Blood Pressure: 70-95 Temperature: 96.8-99.6

Question 36

Toddler standard vitals

Answer 36

Pulse Rate: 90-150 bpm Respirations: 20 to 30 breaths/min Systolic Blood Pressure: 80-100 Temperature: 96.8-99.6

Question 37

Preschool Age standard vitals

Answer 37

Pulse Rate: 80-140 bpm Respirations: 20 to 25 breaths/min Systolic Blood Pressure: 80-100 Temperature: 98.6

Question 38

School Age standard vitals

Answer 38

Pulse Rate: 70-120 bpm Respirations: 15-20 breaths/min Systolic Blood Pressure: 80-110 mm Hg Temperature: 98.6

Question 39

Adolescent standard vitals

Answer 39

Pulse Rate: 60-100 bpm Respirations: 12 to 20 Systolic Blood Pressure: 90-110 mm Hg Temperature: 98.6

Question 40

Adult Vitals

Answer 40

Pulse Rate: 60-100 bpm Respirations: 12-20 breaths/min Systolic Blood Pressure: 90-130 mm Hg Temperature: 98.6

Question 41

What do snoring breath sounds indicate?

Answer 41

Snoring is an upper airway sound, and often can be heard without a stethoscope. Indicates an upper airway obstruction, usually caused by the tongue or a foreign body

Question 42

What is Stridor, and what does it indicate?

Answer 42

Stridor is a brassy, crowing sound that is most prominent on inspiration and can often be heard without a stethoscope. It may indicate an airway obstruction in the neck or upper part of the chest.

Question 43

What is Wheezing and what does it indicate?

Answer 43

Wheezing is a high-pitched whistling sound that is most prominent on expiration. Wheezing is a lower airway sound and is typically heard through auscultation

Question 44

What are Crackles and what do they indicate?

Answer 44

Crackles are wet, crackling breath sounds, usually heard on both inspiration and expiration. Similar to Rice Krispies. The sound is caused by the alveoli popping open. Crackles may indicate fluid in the lungs. High pitched crackles are called fine crackles, low-pitched sounds are called coarse crackles

Question 45

What is Rhonchi and what does it indicate?

Answer 45

Congested breath sounds; expect to hear low-pitched, noisy sounds that are most prominent on expiration. Sounds may be similar to blowing bubbles under water, and the patient often reports a productive cough. Rhonchi may suggest the presence of mucus or other fluid in the lungs.

Question 46

SAMPLE history

Answer 46

Signs/symptoms Allergies Medications Pertinent/past medical history Last oral intake (all ins & outs) Events leading up to this

Question 47

OPQRST

Answer 47

Used for any pain symptoms Onset Provocation (what makes it better/worse?) Quality (Describe it--continuous, sharp, burning, etc.) Radiate (where is it located) Severity (0-10 scale) Time since onset

Question 48

When to use a Bag Valve Mask

Answer 48

If the patient needs PPV (Positive Pressure Ventilation); if the patient is not breathing enough physically. Less than 10 breaths/min or more than 30 breaths/min

Question 49

How to decide how much oxygen to give (rule of thumb)

Answer 49

Take the Blood Oxygen (SpO2) you want them to be at, minus the number they are at, and that is how many L/min to set supplemental oxygen to. If they're really low, start high, and turn it down later

Question 50

dyspnea

Answer 50

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing