the body (midterm 1)

Question 1

what are the three anatomical planes

Answer 1

frontal, sagittal, transverse

Question 2

what does “left” reference

Answer 2

to the left of the body

Question 3

what does “right” reference

Answer 3

to the right of the body

Question 4

what does lateral mean

Answer 4

toward the side, away from the midsagittal plane

Question 5

what does the midsagittal plane mean

Answer 5

middle of the plane

Question 6

what does medial mean

Answer 6

toward the midsaggital plane, away from the side

Question 7

what does anterior mean

Answer 7

toward the front of the body

Question 8

what does posterior mean

Answer 8

toward the back of the body

Question 9

what does superior mean

Answer 9

toward the top of the body

Question 10

what does inferior mean

Answer 10

toward the bottom of the body

Question 11

what does dorsal mean

Answer 11

along or toward the vertebral surface of the body

Question 12

what does ventral mean

Answer 12

along or toward the belly surface of the body

Question 13

what does caudal mean

Answer 13

toward the tail

Question 14

what does cephalad mean

Answer 14

toward the head

Question 15

what does proximal mean

Answer 15

toward the trunk

Question 16

what does distal mean

Answer 16

away from the trunk/an extermity

Question 17

what does visceral mean

Answer 17

toward an internal organ

Question 18

what does parietal mean

Answer 18

toward the wall

Question 19

what is physiology

Answer 19

the study of the characteristics and mechanisms of the human body

Question 20

what are intracellular fluid

Answer 20

fluids retained in cells - contains large amounts of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate ions

Question 21

how much fluid is retained within cells

Answer 21

2/3

Question 22

how much fluid is outside cells

Answer 22

1/3

Question 23

what is extracellular fluids

Answer 23

fluid outside cells - contains large amounts of sodium, chloride, bicarbonate ions

Question 24

what is an example of homeostasis in the lungs

Answer 24

lungs provide oxygen consumed by cells and remove carbon dioxide produced by cells

Question 25

what is the rate of blood movement through the circulatory system at rest and during activity

Answer 25

1 circuit/min at rest, 6 circuits/min during activity

Question 26

what ensures fluids movement between blood capillaries and cells

Answer 26

few cells are located more than 50 microns away from a capillary, which ensures diffusion in seconds, allowing for extracellular fluid to be continually mixed and maintain homogeneity of fluid throughout the body

Question 27

what are the four nutrient supply systems

Answer 27

respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, musculoskeletal

Question 28

what does the respiratory system do

Answer 28

blood is concentrated with oxygen which is transported through the alveoli in the lungs. the oxygen then diffuses through the alveolar membrane into the atmosphere, which facilitates diffusion

Question 29

what does the gastrointestinal system do

Answer 29

Nutrients are absorbed from ingested food, through the walls of the GI tract, and into the extracellular fluid of circulating blood

Question 30

what does the hepatic system do

Answer 30

The liver acts to chemically modify ingested, but difficult to absorb, nutrients into usable forms that are then modified and stored by other tissues for future use

Question 31

what does the musculoskeletal system do

Answer 31

Provides structure and movement that allows you to get up to hunt and gather

Question 32

what does the kidney system do

Answer 32

allows for the removal of urea and uric acids, and excess ions and water. done by absorbing large quantities of plasma, then returning to the blood of substances that are of nutritional waste

Question 33

what does the sensory input system do

Answer 33

detects the state of the body and surrounding environment

Question 34

what does the central nervous system do

Answer 34

stores info, generates thoughts, and determines reactions in response to the sensory input system

Question 35

what does the motor output portion do

Answer 35

allows for the generation of actions based on the signals provided in the central nervous system

Question 36

what is the autonomic system

Answer 36

operates at a subconscious level to control the function of internal organs, including heart, GI, and glandular secretions

Question 37

what is the hormonal system

Answer 37

eight major endocrine glands secrete hormones that help regulate cellular function

Question 38

what does the reproductive system do

Answer 38

provides homeostasis at a population level

Question 39

how do baroreceptors maintain homeostasis

Answer 39

decreased heart rate + increase of vascular diameter = decrease in pressure overall

Question 40

what is the gain equation

Answer 40

correction/error

Question 41

what is positive feedback

Answer 41

stimulus causes response to stimulate stimulus - leads to instability

Question 42

what is negative feedback

Answer 42

stimulus causes response to oppose stimulus - acts to maintain homeostasis

Question 43

what is gain of a control system

Answer 43

the degree of effectiveness of a control system at maintaining constant conditions

Question 44

what’s an example of negative feedback

Answer 44

increased CO2 causes increased pulmonary ventilation, which decreases CO2

Question 45

what’s an example of positive feedback

Answer 45

a rupture in a blood vessel initiates a clot formation, and enzyme activation within the clot causes other enzymes in the blood to clot

Question 46

what does adaptive control mean

Answer 46

a system that changes their response each time a stimulus is presented until the proper response is determined