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BIOE340 > circulation (midterm 2) > Flashcards

circulation (midterm 2) Flashcards

1
Q

what portions is circulation divided into

A

systemic and pulmonary circulation

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2
Q

what is circulation

A

transport of nutrients and O2 to tissues
waste and CO2 from tissues

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3
Q

what are the fundamental parts of circulation

A

arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> venules -> veins

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4
Q

what do arteries do

A

transport blood under high pressure
large diameter

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5
Q

what do arterioles do

A

control blood flow transported into the capillaries, decrease pressure

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6
Q

what do capillaries do

A

exchange site of fluid, nutrients, electrolytes, hormones, and other substances

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7
Q

what do venules do

A

collect blood from the capillaries back to heart; lower pressure

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8
Q

what do veins do

A

transport of blood from tissues back to heart and reservoir of blood; low pressure

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9
Q

what does blood flow to tissues match

A

needs of tissues (oxygen, nutrients)

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10
Q

what do microvessels regulate

A

the flow of blood via contraction/dilation, allowing tissues in need to receive more blood flow

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11
Q

how is arterial pressure controlled

A

independently of local blood flow control and cardiac output control

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12
Q

what happens when arterial pressure decreases

A

contraction and constriction increases, then arterial pressure increases

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13
Q

how much resistance to flow in peripheral circulation in the small arterioles

A

2/3

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14
Q

what is the resting diameters of small arterioles

A

5-25 um

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15
Q

what are the major proteins in blood and what do they do

A

albumin - regulates pH and osmotic pressure
globulins - immune mlcs
fibrinogen - involved in clotting

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16
Q

what are the major cell types in blood

A

erythrocytes (red blood cells) direct oxygen transport
platelets involved in blood coagulation and hemostasis
leukocytes (white blood cells) are the cellular participants in the immune response

17
Q

what is hematocrit and what are they in men and women

A

percentage of blood that’s cells
men - 42-47%
women - 38-42%

18
Q

what is the marginal plasma layer

A

a thin cell free layer created within vessels because RBCs accumulate along the axis of the vessel

19
Q

what do blood cells provide

A

friction during vascular flow which leads to viscosity, which varies with vessel diameter

20
Q

what is the equation for resistance to flow

A

1/R^4

21
Q

what is the fahraeus-lindquist effect

A

as vessel diameter decreases, the apparent viscosity of blood decreases

22
Q

how are blood vessels distensible

A
  • increased diameter, decreases resistance, increases blood flow
  • acts to smooth pulsatile flow
23
Q

are veins or arteries more distensible

A

veins
Dv ~ 8x Da

24
Q

what is compliance

A

amount of blood that can be held with increased pressure

25
Q

what is delayed compliance

A

acts to maintain pressure with changes in volume
increased volume = quick increased pressure, then slow decreased pressure

26
Q

what is pulse pressure

A
  • difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
  • determined by stroke volume output and arterial compliance
  • function of cardiac output compliance
27
Q

what does increasing compliance imply

A

a decrease in the transmission rate of the pressure pulse

28
Q

what factors change pulse pressure

A

arteriosclerosis (increases pp)
aortic stenosis (decreased pp)
aortic regurgitation (decreased pp)

29
Q

what does dampening lead to

A

increased resistance and decreased compliance - almost non-existent at capillaries

30
Q

what happens with measuring blood pressure

A
  1. stethoscope and cuff placed over upper arm over brachial artery
  2. cuff pressure increases > 200 mmHg therefore collapses branchial and NO sound
  3. cuff pressure slowly decreases and when pressure = diastolic pressure brachial opens at systolic and can hear sound
  4. when Pcuff = P diastolic, brachial always opens and constant sound
31
Q

what does pressure equal

A

120 (systole)/80 (diastole)
pressure increases with age

32
Q

what is central venous pressure regulated by

A
  • increase in cardiac output decreases central venous pressure
  • increase in venous flow increases central venous pressure
33
Q

what does hydrostatic pressure do

A

column of liquid exerts pressure due to the weight of liquid
13.6 mm H2O = 1 mmHg
CVP = 0 mmHg

34
Q

what is venous pressure in the feet, hands, and sagittal sinus

A

90 mmHg
35 mmHg
-10 mmHg

35
Q

what is the venous pump

A

veins contain one-way valves that direct blood -> heart via tissue compression

BIOE340 (18 decks)

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