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British Experience of Warfare > the British war effort (1793-1815) > Flashcards

the British war effort (1793-1815) Flashcards

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1
Q

when did William Pitt the Younger become PM?

A

1783

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2
Q

why did Pitt resign in 1801?

A

he resigned over King George III’s opposition over including Catholics in the Armed Forces?

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3
Q

who became PM after Pitt in 1801?

A

Henry Addington

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4
Q

when did Pitt return as PM?

A

1805

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5
Q

when did Pitt die?

A

January 1806

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6
Q

what did Pitt do in his first term?

A

restored Britain’s finances after the War of Independence

held the First Coalition together through large subsidies

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7
Q

which countries composed the First Coalition?

A

Britain
Austria
Prussia
Netherlands
Spain
Sardinia

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8
Q

which countries composed the Second and Third Coalition?

A

Britain
Austria
Russia

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9
Q

what led to the collapse of the coalitions?

A

French military victory

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10
Q

what were subsidies?

A

sums of money given to Britain’s allies

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11
Q

what did Addington do in office?

A

signed the Treaty of Amiens which created peace with France

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12
Q

when was the Treaty of Amiens signed?

A

March 1802

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13
Q

when did the French restart the war?

A

May 1803

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14
Q

what was the Ministry of All the Talents?

A

an administrative ministry formed after the death of Pitt by Grenville

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15
Q

what did the Ministry of All the Talents achieve?

A

they failed at making peace with the French

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16
Q

when did Grenville resign?

A

1807

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17
Q

why did Grenville resign?

A

he tried to appease the Catholics by allowing them to join the Armed Forces, which the King refused

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18
Q

who was PM after Grenville?

A

The Duke of Portland

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19
Q

when did The Duke of Portland die?

A

October 1809

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20
Q

who was PM after The Duke of Portland?

A

Spencer Perceval

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21
Q

what did Perceval contribute to the war effort?

A

he ensured there was funding for the wars in Spain and Portugal

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22
Q

when was Perceval assassinated?

A

May 1812 by a merchantman

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23
Q

who was PM after Perceval?

A

Lord Liverpool

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24
Q

what was the problem with government bureaucracy in the early 1800s?

A

it was extremely corrupt and inefficient

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25
what commissions exposed corruption in the Army and Navy?
Commission of Naval Revision Commission of Military Enquiry
26
what led to a reduction in corruption?
ancient customs were abandoned money was saved stricter accounting methods sinecures dropped
27
what were sinecures?
well paid jobs which required little work
28
which bank were loans raised from?
the City of London
29
how many new taxes were introduced during the war?
21
30
when was graduated income tax introduced?
1799
31
who had to pay income tax from 1799?
anyone earning more than £60 a year
32
how much was raised in taxes during the war?
£30 million
33
what was the relationship between the government and merchants/bankers?
they both worked together, with the government borrowing money in return for providing security for merchant ships
34
who organised the funding for Wellington's advances in Spain and France?
Nathan Rothschild
35
what was the total government expenditure in 1811?
£85 million
36
breakdown of total government expenditure
£43 million on armed forces £35 million on interest from national debt
37
what was the total government income in 1811?
£69.2 million
38
how much was paid in subsidies to allies during the war?
£66 million
39
what industrial advances did Britain make during the war?
cotton production increased threefold iron and steel manufacturing increased fourfold steam power became more popular
40
how many steam engines in 1805?
112
41
what improvements were made in agriculture during the war?
better breeding crop rotation ploughing techniques
42
how much did corn output increase by?
over a 1/5th
43
which canal linked London to the Midlands and when was it built?
Grand Junction Canal completed in 1805
44
how many registered British merchant ships in 1815?
22,000
45
why did British trade flourish despite the Continental System deployed by Napoleon?
Britain had gained territories in South America and the Caribbean
46
why did British trade decline after 1810?
poor harvest war with America in 1812
47
how did the East India Company help the British war effort?
exported goods to India and China imported saltpetre (important in gunpowder) its ships transported troops abroad paid high duties for importants
48
how did the Convoy System help the British war effort?
merchant ships were protected from privateers and trade could be completed
49
how many dockyards did the RN have in Britain?
6
50
what did RN dockyards do?
built warships repaired and refitted ships stored raw materials
51
how many private shipyards by 1815?
over 500
52
what did private shipyards do?
built warships and merchant ships built smaller ships faster than RN dockyards
53
how many warships did private shipyards build during the war?
436
54
how many warships did RN dockyards build during the war?
82
55
how important were the private sector for shipbuilding?
very important allowed the government to exceed the capacity of shipbuilding locations to meet the requirements of war
56
when and why did the RN begin building ships from fir timber?
1804 because it was cheaper and easier to build ships
57
what was the new method of ship repairing?
laying a timber bottom over the hulls of ships using diagonal iron braces to strengthen the hull
58
what was a block mill?
factories which produced pulleys for ships
59
what new docks were built in London?
West India Dock 1802 London Dock 1805 East India Dock 1806
60
what was the Board of Ordnance?
controlled the manufacturing of all kinds of munitions
61
how many muskets were sent to Prussia and Russia in 1813?
100,000 muskets
62
what did the Board of Ordnance conduct?
weapons testing improving weapons
63
where were gunpowder cartridges manufactured?
the Royal Laboratory at Woolwich
64
what was the Victualling Board?
controlled distribution of provision
65
successes of Board of Ordnance?
produced better gunpowder than the French mass production of muskets allowed both British and allied troops to be armed to fight the French testing of munitions ensured reliability on the battlefield
66
what was the Victualling Board?
responsible for provisioning men of the RN and BA abroad
67
where was the Victualling Board HQ?
Deptford
68
how were provisions distributed out?
from the central yards, the provisions were sent to smaller yards at naval bases where they would be transported to warships and army transports
69
why was a competitive market-based system a benefit for Britain?
a competitive market generates greater supply and demand which allows the British government to be in supply all the time thus ensuring troops were fully provided with provisions
70
why were the French and Spanish poorly supplied?
their provisions came from the state which was an inferior supply chain
71
what was the Transport Board?
responsible for chartering merchant ships needed for expeditions overseas
72
how many British troops had been transported out of Britain by 1802?
135,000 shows importance of RN in helping the BA

British Experience of Warfare (27 decks)

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