The Cadriovascular System

Question 1

health

Answer 1

complete physical, mental and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

Question 2

fitness

Answer 2

the ability to meet the demands of the enviroment

Question 3

stroke volume

Answer 3

the volume of blood pumped ot of the ventricles during each contraction

Question 4

cardiac output

Answer 4

the volume of blood pumped out of the ventricles per minute
(HR x stroke volume)

Question 5

sympathetic nervous system

Answer 5

part of the ANS and can activate an increase in HR

Question 6

parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 6

part of the ANS and can activate a decrease in HR

Question 7

vascular shunting

Answer 7

the redistribution of blood flow around the body

Question 8

myogenic

Answer 8

the hearts ability to create its own contraction

Question 9

chemoreceptors

Answer 9

repsonsible for detecting a change in co2, lactic acid, blood acidity

Question 10

baroreceptors

Answer 10

responsible for detecting a change in blood pressure

Question 11

proprioceptors

Answer 11

repsonsible for detecting change in muscle movement

Question 12

plasma

Answer 12

the liquid part of blood

Question 13

myoglobin

Answer 13

an oxygen binding protein found in muscle tissue

Question 14

haemoglobin

Answer 14

an oxygen binding protein found in red blood cells

Question 15

oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 15

found when oxygen combines with haemoglobin

Question 16

mitochondria

Answer 16

the part of the cell where repsiration and energy production occur

Question 17

disassociation curve

Answer 17

a graphical representation of the rate at which oxygen seperates from haemoglobin and diffuses into the muscle cells

Question 18

bohr shift

Answer 18

the shift to the right that the disassociation curve makes during exercise

Question 19

venous return

Answer 19

the flow of the blood back to the heart via the veins and spersifically the vena cava

Question 20

starlings law

Answer 20

stroke volume increases due to an increase in venous return

Question 21

cardiovascular drift

Answer 21

the increase of heart rate during when taking part in steady exercise in a warm enviroment

Question 22

arterio-venous oxygen difference

Answer 22

the difference between the pressure of the oxygen in the arteries and veins

Question 23

what is maximal exercise

Answer 23

• when excerising at maximal level, a preformers stroke volume will only continue to rise up to 60% mamimal effort
• at this point the heart rate is too high for the ventricles to have enough time to fill up with blood, meaning that there is a plateau in stroke volume

Question 24

anticipatory rise

Answer 24

this is an increase in heart rate that occurs just before taking part in exercise, it is caused by an increase in activity from the sympathetic nervous system

Question 25

hormonal regulation

Answer 25

relating or contaning hormones

Question 26

neural regulation

Answer 26

relating to nervous system

Question 27

chemical

Answer 27

relating to reponses where chemicals are released in the body

Question 28

adrenaline

Answer 28

a hormone which leads to an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and awarness

Question 29

vasodilation

Answer 29

blood vessels dilate (get bigger) - allows more blood for te active muscles

Question 30

vasoconstriction

Answer 30

blood vessels constrict (get smaller) - takes blood away from inactive areas and the organs

Question 31

how is vascodilation used by the body during exercise

Answer 31

occurs i arteries delivering oxygenated blood to preformers leg, this allows more oxygen to be delivered to active musckes allowing more aeorbic repsiration to take place to produce more enrgy

Question 32

how is vasocontriction

Answer 32

arteries deliver blood to areas such as digestive system and liver are constricted, this diverts a large preportion of the performers blood supply to their muscles

Question 33

what is the process of vascular shunting

Answer 33

1. increase in co2 and lactic acid detected by the chemoreceptors 2. the chemoreceptors stimulate the vasomotor 3. the vasomotor signals for a redistribution of blood flow 4. vasodilation and vasocontriction occur and the pre-capillary sphincters adjust blood flow into the capillaries

Question 34

vasomotor

Answer 34

- located in medulla oblongata - regulates heart rate, blood pressure and redistribution of blood flow

Question 35

deffninition of cardiac conduction system

Answer 35

a group of cells found in the wall of the heart which are responsible for the electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract

Question 36

cardiac conduction system order of events

Answer 36

1. electrical signal begins in the sinoatrial node (SAN) 2. the electrical impulses travel through the atria, causing them to contract and pass blood into the ventricles, before reaching the atrioventricular node (AVN) 3. a delay of 0.1 seconds then occurs whilst the atria fully contract 4. the electrical impulse then travels down the bundle of his, which is located in the septum 5. the bundle of his then seperates into smaller branches called purkinke fibres, these spread around the ventricles and cause them to contract

Question 37

in venous return how does the skeletal uscle pump help

Answer 37

muscles contracting and relaxinfg are constantly changing shape. this results in muscles pressing on nearby veins, this causes a pumping action, which pushes back towards the heart

Question 38

in venous return how does the respiratory pump help

Answer 38

breathing in and out causes contracting many muslces, as welll as the diaphragm. This causes a constant change in the veins of the thoracic (chest) cavity, compressing the veins and causing venous return

Question 39

in venous retuen how does the pocket valves help

Answer 39

veins are full of pocket valves, as blood passes throgh these valves, they close to prevent the backflow of blood

Question 40

what is the process of starlings law

Answer 40

1. there is an increase in venous return 2. therefore greater diastolic filing of the heart occurs 3. this causes the cardiac muscle to be stretched 4. resulting in a more powerful contraction 5. and an increased ejection fraction (stroke volume)

Question 41

systolic blood pressure

Answer 41

the maximum blood pressure during contracton of te ventricles

Question 42

diastolic blood pressure

Answer 42

the pressure of the blood in the heart as it relaxes and refills