Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy & Physiology 2 > The Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

The Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Location of the heart

A

> largest organ of the mediastinum

- located between the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is the apex located

A

Apex lies to the left of the midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the base located

A

Base is the broad posterior surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the functions of the heart

A

> Generating blood pressure
Routing blood
- hearts separates pulmonary and systemic circulation
- ensuring one -way blood flow
changes in contraction rate and force match blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Layers of the heart wall

A

Pericardium, epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Pericardium has two primary layers

A

Fibrous pericardium ( strong & dense CT) & Serous pericardium ( parietal pericardium & visceral pericardium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Epicardium

A

> most superficial layer

> visceral layer of the serous pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Myocardium

A

> middle layer
consists of cardiac muscle
arranged in circular and spiral pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Endocardium

A

> deepest layer
endothelium resting on layer of CT
lines the internal walls of heart
aka the visceral pericardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cardiac muscle tissues

A

> forms a thick layer of myocardium

  • started, like skeletal muscle
  • contractions pump blood through the heart and into blood vessels
  • contract sliding filament mechanism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cardiac muscle fibers

A

> short, branching, with one or two nuclei
cells join at intercalated discs
- connect one cell to the next
- support synchronized contraction of cardiac tissue
cells are separated by delicate endomysium
- binds adjacent cardiac fibers
- contains blood vessels and nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atria

A

> Thin, upper chambers that receive blood

- capped by auricles that serve as blood reservoirs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Ventricles

A

Thick , lower chambers that pump blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Interventricular septum

A

Wall separating left and right sides of heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Right atrium

A

> receives oxygen poor blood from superior and inferior vena cava
pumps blood to right ventricle through tricuspid valve
fossa ovalis - a depression in interatrial septum; a remnant of foramen ovals (fetal heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Right ventricle

A

> pumps blood into pulmonary circuit via pulmonary trunk

> pulmonary semilunar valve - located at opening of right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Left atrium

A

> makes up hearts posterior surface
receives oxygen-rich blood from lungs through pulmonary veins
opens into the left ventricle through mitral valve (bicuspid valve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Left ventricle

A

> forms apex of the heart
three times thicker than right ventricle
pumps blood into systemic circuit via aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Draw the blood flow through the heart

A

Superior & inferior vena cava - > right atrium -> right Av valve -> right ventricle -> pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries-> Lungs -> pulmonary veins - > left atrium-> left av valve -> left ventricle-> aortic semilunar valve -> body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Internal walls of ventricles

A

> papillary muscles-

  • attach to mitral and tricuspid valves’ chordae tendineae
  • contract to prevent inversion of valves beyond point of closure

> Chordae tendineae - cord -like tendons that connect the papillary muscles to the mitral and tricuspid valves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Heart valves

A
  • valves within the heart
  • regulate blood flow based on blood pressure
  • composed of endocardium with CT core
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Atrioventricular (av) valves

A
  • between atria and ventricles

- mitral ( bicuspid) and tricuspid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Aortic and pulmonary valves

A
  • cusps (flaps) are semilunar in shape

- at junction of ventricles and great arteries ( pulmonary and arteries )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Coronary arteries

A
  • left and right coronary arteries
  • two main arteries that branch into smaller coronary arteries
  • originate from left side of heart, at Root of the aorta
  • Delivery oxygen rich blood to cardiac muscle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cardiac veins

A

> cardiac veins - drain blood into the coronary sinus

> coronary sinus - delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Cardiac histology

A

> intercalated discs allow Branching of the myocardium
gap junctions ( instead of synapses) fast cell to cell signals
many mitochondria
large T-tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Electrical activity of Heart

A

> Heart beats rhythmically as result of action potentials it generates by itself (autorhythmicity)

> two specialized types of cardiac muscles cells

  • contractile cells
  • 99% of cardiac muscle cells
  • do mechanical work of pumping
  • normally do not initiate own action potentials
  • autorhythmic cells
  • do not contract
  • specialized for initiating & conducting AP’s responsible for contraction of working cells
28
Q

Which cardiac cells creates its own action potentials ?

A

Autorhythmic cells / HR

29
Q

Which cardiac muscle cells does the contraction and the relaxation ?

A

Contractile cells / Stroke volume

30
Q

The intercalated disks contain desmosomes that transfer what ?

A

Force

31
Q

The intercalated disks also contains gap junction that transfer what ?

A

Electrical signals

32
Q

Draw a flow chart of the conduction pathway

A
33
Q

Conduction pathway

A

Atria contracts as SINGLE unit, followed by (after a brief delay) a synchronized ventricular contraction

34
Q

Intrinsic conduction system

A

> SA node ( 70-80 bpm)
- sets the pace of the heart beat

> AV node (40-60 bpm)
- delays the transmission of AP’s

> Purkinje fibers (20-30bpm)
- can act as pacemakers under some conditions

35
Q

Pacemaker potential

A

> Autorhythmic cells have “ drifting” resting potentials called pacemaker

  • membrane slowly depolarizes “drifts” to threshold, initiates AP, membrane repolarizes to -60 mv.
  • use calcium influx (rather than sodium ) for rising phase of the action potential
36
Q

Draw the autorhythmic cells graph with all the channels.

A
37
Q

Write a flowchart of the Autorhythmic AP

A

0- resting membrane potential
1- funny channels open ( Na + influx)
2- funny channels close, t-type ca^2+ channels open ( ca^2+ influx) ( slowly depolarizing)
3-T-type ca^2+ channels close, Hits threshold, L-type ca^2+ channel opens (ca^2+ influx (rapid) )
4- L-type ca^2+ channels close, VG K+ channels open (K+ efflux)

38
Q

Action potential of contractile cell

A

> contractile cells

  • rapid depolarization due to Na+ influx
  • Rapid, parietal early repolarization, prolonged period of slow repolarization which is plateau phase
  • Rapid final repolarization phase

> AP’s of cardiac contractile cells exhibit prolonged positive phase (plateau) accompanied by prolonged period of contraction

  • ensures adequate ejection time
  • plateau primarily due to activation of slow L-type ca^2+ channels
39
Q

Draw the Action potential in contractile cells graph

A
40
Q

Draw the flowchart of the AP of contractile cells

A

0- RMP
1- AP from autorhythmic
2- @ threshold, Activate VG-Na+ channel ( Na+ influx)
3- VG-Na+ channel closes, Activate VG-K+ channels (t-type) ( K+ efflux)
4- VG K+ channels (t-type) close, L-type ca^2+ channel opens ( Ca^2+ influx)
5- L-type close & VG- K+ channel open ( K+ efflux)

41
Q

Action potentials : Autorhythmic vs. Contractile cell

A
42
Q

Write down the Comparison of : autorhythmic myocardium & Contractile myocardium

A
43
Q

Write down the flowchart of the Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac contraction cells

A
44
Q

Electrocardiography (ECG) ECG= EKG

A

> record of overall spread of electrical activity through heart

  • Not direct recording of actual electrical activity
  • Not a according of a single action potential in a single cell at a singe point in time
  • Comparisons in voltage detected by electrodes at two different points on body surface, not the actual potential
  • Does not record potential at all when ventricular muscle is ether completely depolarized or completely repolarized

***** basically EKG is a representation of the sum of all of the heart activity !!!!!!

45
Q
A

Cardiac cycle

  • Autorhythmic cells —-> AP
  • p wave : Atrial depolarization
  • PR segment : Av nodal delay / Atriole systole
  • QRS complex : ventricular depolarization / atria repolarization
  • ST segment : ventricular systole
  • T wave : ventricular repolarization
  • TP segment : Diastole , fills with blood
46
Q

What are some of the abnormalities that interpreted from ECGs

A

Extrasystole,Ventricular fibrillation, Complete heart block, Myocardial infraction

47
Q

Extrasystole

A

Extra beats that occur when autorhythmic cell other than SA node fires out of sequence

48
Q

Ventricular fibrillation

A

Electrical activity becomes disordered and ventricles contract in an unsynchronized way. No blood is pumped, cardiac arrest follows.

49
Q

Complete heart block

A

No conduction through AV node, atria and ventricles contract out of sync

50
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Death to myocardial tissue due to blockage of coronary artery.

In other words “ Heart Attack “

51
Q

What’s ectopic focus ?

A

.

52
Q

Cardiac cycle -filling of heart chambers

A

> heart is two pumps that work together, right and left half
Repetitive contraction ( systole) & relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers
blood moves through circulatory system from areas of higher to lower pressure
- contraction of ventricle produces the pressure

53
Q

Write a flow chart of the “Cardiac cycle -mechanical events “

A

1– late diastole : both sets of chambers are relaxed and ventricle fill passively

2- atrial systole : atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into ventricles

3- isovolumic ventricular contraction: first phase of ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open semilunar valves

4- ventricular ejection: as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected

5- isovolumic ventricular relaxation: as ventricle relax, pressure in ventricles falls, blood flows back into cups of semilunar valves and snaps them closed

54
Q

2 phase of ventricular systole:

A

> isovolumic ( isovolumetric ) contraction phase :

  • first phase of ventricular contraction
  • Ventricles begin to contract , pushing AV valves close, SL valves still closed, pressure in ventricles rises
  • pressure in ventricles is not enough to open semilunar valves
  • therefore, all four valves are closed !!!!!!

> ventricular ejection phases :

  • second phase of ventricular contraction
  • ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the Arteries, the semilunar valves open and blood is ejected
55
Q

Label the wiggers Diagram

A
56
Q

Heart sounds

A

> first heart sound or “lubb”

  • av valves close and surrounding fluid vibration at systole
  • Av valves snap shut at start of ventricular systole “lubb”

> second heart sound or “dupp”

  • results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves at diastole, lasts longer
  • semilunar valves snap shut at start of ventricular diastole “dupp”
57
Q

What does systole mean ?

A

The heart contract, blood pressure rises and blood moves out along the vessels

58
Q

What does diastole means ?

A

The heart relaxes

59
Q

Left ventricular volume

A

> EDV = ~ 135 ml
End Diastolic volume- the amount of blood in a ventricle just before ventricular ejection
* the ventricles are fully relaxed and at their most full

> ESV = ~65ml
End systolic volume - the amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after full ventricular ejection
* the ventricles are fully contracted and at their most empty

60
Q

Stroke volume

A

The volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat ~70ml

  • ml/ beat
61
Q

Heart Rate

A
  • beats / min
62
Q

SV = _____ - _______

A

EDV & ESV

63
Q

Ejection fraction formula

A

Stroke volume / EDV = %

64
Q

Cardiac output

A

> Cardiac output (CO) is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

> CO is the product of the HR and SV

> CO= HR X SV

65
Q

Cardiac reserve

A

Is the difference between resting and maximal CO

66
Q

Calculating cardiac reserve

A

> (Maximal cardiac output) can be 4-5 times greater than resting cardiac output (in non athletes)
* if an average resting CO is 5 L/m, then the expected ranged for max CO is 20-25 L/min during intense exercise

> cardiac reserve is the difference between resting and maximum CO:

  • 20-25L/min - 5L/min= 15-20 L/ min
  • The individuals heart can pump 15-20 L/min more than is required for normal circumstances, that’s 300-400%

> A trained athletes heart has a greater stroke volume, therefore needs to pump less frequently both at rest and during exercise. Their max heart rate would be substantially lower than the average person

67
Q

Factors affecting Cardio output

A

> HR

  • Autonomic innervation
  • Hormones- Epi, NE, and thyroid hormone (T3)
  • cardiac reflexes

> SV

  • starling law
  • venous return
  • cardiac reflexes

Anatomy & Physiology 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions