The Cell

Question 1

Dutch scientist who is considered one of the pillars of microbiology

Answer 1

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 2

English scientist who first discovered and coined the term “cell”

Answer 2

Robert Hooke

Question 3

Anatomy of the Cell

semi-permeable layer that separates the insides of a cell from the external environment

the location of chemical exchanges for many life functions

Answer 3

Plasma Membrane

Question 4

Anatomy of the Cell

fluid internal environment of the cell where all internal components are suspended

‘-plasm’ means “contents of”

Answer 4

Cytoplasm

Question 5

Anatomy of the Cell

stores the genetic material of a eukaryotic cell

Answer 5

Nucleus

Question 6

the ____ is to prokaryotes as the nucleus is to eukaryotes

Answer 6

Nucleoid

Question 7

Anatomy of the Cell

encloses the nucleus and protects the genetic material

Answer 7

Nuclear Membrane

Question 8

Anatomy of the Cell

the environment within the nucleus

‘-plasm’ means “contents of”

Answer 8

Nucleoplasm

Question 9

Anatomy of the Cell

an area in the nucleoplasm where the genetic material is highly concentrated

Answer 9

Nucleolus

Question 10

Anatomy of the Cell

gateway of materials into or out of the nucleus

Answer 10

Nuclear Pore

Question 11

Anatomy of the Cell

produces energy for the organism

“powerhouse of the cell” 🤪

Answer 11

Mitochondrion

Question 12

Anatomy of the Cell

contains sites for lipid and protein synthesis

Answer 12

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Question 13

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

contains ribosomes and is the site for protein synthesis; the cell’s membrane-making machine

Answer 13

Rough ER

Question 14

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

contains cell types used in metabolic processes like lipid synthesis; stores calcium ions

Answer 14

Smooth ER

Question 15

Anatomy of the Cell

site for modifying, sorting, and storing compounds synthesized by the ER

Answer 15

Golgi Apparatus

Question 16

Anatomy of the Cell

contains digestive enzymes that help break down food or damaged organelles

Answer 16

Lysosome

Question 17

Anatomy of the Cell

helps break down fatty acids to be used as cellular fuel

Answer 17

Peroxisome

Question 18

Anatomy of the Cell

site for protein synthesis; can be found attached to the ER or free in the cytosol

Answer 18

Ribosome

Question 19

Anatomy of the Cell

storage of food and other chemicals

Answer 19

Vacuoles

Question 20

Anatomy of the Cell

organelle for cell division

Answer 20

Centriole

Question 21

organisms w/ cells that are simple, often unicellular, and lack a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle

Answer 21

Prokaryotes

Question 22

Prokaryotes

allows the cell to attach to surfaces in its environment

Answer 22

Capsule

Question 23

Prokaryotes

used for locomotion

Answer 23

Flagella

Question 24

Prokaryotes

used to exchange genetic material during conjugation

Answer 24

Pili

Question 25

composed of cells that have a membrane-bound nucleus and other membrane-bound compartments ## Footnote these compartments are called "organelles"`

Answer 25

Eukaryotes

Question 26

# Give the basic functional group for the following parts of a cell nucleus and ribosomes

Answer 26

Genetic Control

Question 27

# Give the basic functional group for the following parts of a cell ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and peroxisomes

Answer 27

Manufacture, Distribution, and Breakdown of Molecules

Question 28

# Give the basic functional group for the following parts of a cell mitochondria and chloroplasts

Answer 28

Energy Processing

Question 29

# Give the basic functional group for the following parts of a cell cytoskeleton, plasma membrane, and plant cell wall

Answer 29

Structural Support, Movement, and Communication

Question 30

# Give the parts of the cell that fall into these functional groups Manufacture, Distribution, and Breakdown of Molecules

Answer 30

* ER * Golgi Apparatus * Lysosomes * Vacuoles * Peroxisomes

Question 31

# Give the parts of the cell that fall into these functional groups Energy Processing

Answer 31

* Mitochondria * Chloroplasts

Question 32

# Give the parts of the cell that fall into these functional groups Structural Support, Movement, and Communication

Answer 32

* Cytoskeleton * Plasma Membrane * Plant Cell Wall

Question 33

# Plant Cells rigid and thick, they are made of cellulose

Answer 33

Cell Walls

Question 34

# Plant Cells unique structures that connect adjacent plant cells

Answer 34

Plasmodesmata ## Footnote plura "plasmodesma"

Question 35

# Plant Cells where photosynthesis occurs; contains chlorophyll which gives plants their green color

Answer 35

Chloroplast

Question 36

# Plant Cells large, central compartments that store water and a variety of chemicals

Answer 36

Vacuoles

Question 37

# Cell Structure straight and hollow tubes composed of tubulins; grow from the centrosome of animal cells ## Footnote thickest of the protein fibers in the cytoskeleton

Answer 37

Microtubules

Question 38

# Cell Structure reinforce cell shape and anchor organelles; found in cells of most animals

Answer 38

Intermediate Filaments

Question 39

# Cell Structure help support cell's shape, especially in animal cells that lack cell walls ## Footnote thinnest of the protein fibers in the cytoskeleton

Answer 39

Microfilaments

Question 40

# Cell Junctions they help hold cells together and protect and support the plasma membrane of animal cells

Answer 40

Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

Question 41

# Extracellular Matrix (ECM) proteins bonded w/ carbohydrates

Answer 41

Glycoproteins

Question 42

# Extracellular Matrix (ECM) glycoproteins that function in integration

Answer 42

Integrins

Question 43

# Cell Junctions the plasma membrane of neighboring cells is knit tightly together by proteins ## Footnote prevent the leakage of fluid across a layer of cells

Answer 43

Tight Junctions

Question 44

# Cell Junctions fasten cells into strong sheets ## Footnote connected to the cytoplasm by intermediate filaments

Answer 44

Anchoring Junctions

Question 45

# Cell Junctions allow small molecules to flow through protein-lined pores between cells

Answer 45

Gap Junctions ## Footnote also called "Communicating Junctions"

Question 46

# Cell Junctions (Plant Cells) sticky substance found between adjacent cells that glues cells together

Answer 46

Pectin

Question 47

# Cell Junctions (Plant Cells) rigid molecule that strengthens the secondary walls of wood

Answer 47

Lignin

Question 48

# Cell Transport Mechanisms (Passive Transport) the tendency of particles to spread out into available spaces

Answer 48

Simple Diffusion

Question 49

particles will always spread from areas of high to low concentration until an equilibrium is achieved

Answer 49

Concentration Gradient

Question 50

# Cell Transport Mechanisms (Passive Transport) water or other solvents diffuse through a semi-permeable membrane

Answer 50

Osmosis

Question 51

# Osmosis the ability of the surrounding solution to cause cells to lose or gain water

Answer 51

Tonicity

Question 52

# Tonicity concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell ## Footnote the cell is able to maintain its shape

Answer 52

Isotonic Solution

Question 53

# Tonicity solute concentration outside is lower than inside the cell ## Footnote water enters the cell, resulting in lysis or burst

Answer 53

Hypotonic Solution

Question 54

# Tonicity solute concentration outside is higher than inside the cell ## Footnote water leaves the cell, causing it to shrivel (crenation)

Answer 54

Hypertonic Solution

Question 55

# Cell Transport Mechanisms (Passive Transport) different transport proteins are used to help transport molecules through the membrane ## Footnote ex: hydrophilic molecules through hydrophobic membrane

Answer 55

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 56

# Facilitated Diffusion protein channels that allow for very rapid diffusion of water into and out of the cell

Answer 56

Aquaporins

Question 57

# Facilitated Diffusion bind to the molecule, causing the protein to change shape, then releasing the molecule on the other side

Answer 57

Carrier Proteins

Question 58

# Cell Transport Mechanisms (Active Transport) bulky materials are exported out of the cell ## Footnote bulky materials: proteins, polysaccharides

Answer 58

Exocytosis

Question 59

# Cell Transport Mechanisms (Active Transport) large molecules are taken into the cell

Answer 59

Endocytosis

Question 60

# Endocytosis a cell engulfs a particle and packages it as a vacuole; it then has to fuse w/ a lysosome to digest its contents ## Footnote the particle is engulfed by being wrapped around w/ pseudopodia

Answer 60

Phagocytosis ## Footnote from Ancient Greek 'phagein' + 'kytos - "to eat" + "cell"

Question 61

# Endocytosis cells can acquire specific substances w/ the help of receptors

Answer 61

Receptor-mediated Endocystosis

Question 62

# Endocytosis cells engulf small particles of fluid

Answer 62

Pinocytosis ## Footnote from 'pino' - "to drink"

Question 63

# Cell Cycle: Interphase the cell grows

Answer 63

G1 phase/first gap

Question 64

# Cell Cycle: Interphase if a cell does not grow, it stays in this phase

Answer 64

G0 phase

Question 65

# Cell Cycle: Interphase chromosomes are duplicated and DNA is synthesized

Answer 65

S phase

Question 66

# Cell Cycle: Interphase the cell continues to grow in preparation for division

Answer 66

G2 phase/second gap

Question 67

# Cell Cycle: Mitosis chromosomes duplicate into sister chromatids; microtubules grow from centrosomes and mitotic spindles form

Answer 67

Prophase

Question 68

# Cell Cycle: Mitosis microtubules extend and attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid; they move the chromosomes toward the center of the cell

Answer 68

Prometaphase ## Footnote note: most references do not include this phase

Question 69

# Cell Cycle: Mitosis the mitotic spindle is fully formed; chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Answer 69

Metaphase

Question 69

# Cell Cycle: Mitosis centromeres come apart and sister chromatids move toward opposite poles of the cell; there are equal collections of chromosomes on the two poles

Answer 69

Anaphase

Question 70

# Cell Cycle: Mitosis the cell continues to elongate, nuclear envelope forms around the chromosomes; chromatin uncoils and mitotic spindle disappears

Answer 70

Telophase

Question 71

# Cell Cycle: Mitosis the cell's cytoplasm divides, resulting in two daughter cells

Answer 71

Cytokinesis

Question 72

chromosomes that are matching but not identical ## Footnote think two shoes

Answer 72

Homologous Chromosomes

Question 73

somatic cells that contain pairs of homologous chromosomes

Answer 73

Diploid Cells ## Footnote in humans, 2n = 46

Question 74

somatic cells that contain a single member of the homologous pair

Answer 74

Haploid Cells ## Footnote in humans, n = 23

Question 75

# Cell Cycle: Meiosis homologous chromosomes come together in pairs to form tetrads, each tetrad is captured by spindle microtubules and moved to the center of the cell

Answer 75

Prophase I

Question 76

# Prophase I chromatids exchange segments w/ another homologous pair

Answer 76

Crossing Over

Question 77

# Cell Cycle: Meiosis tetrads are aligned on the plate, move toward opposite poles of the cell

Answer 77

Metaphase I

Question 78

# Cell Cycle: Meiosis chromosomes migrate toward the poles of the cell, tetrads which contain sites of cross-over split up

Answer 78

Anaphase I

Question 79

# Cell Cycle: Meiosis each pole has a haploid set of chromosomes; two haploid daughter cells are formed

Answer 79

Telophase I/Cytokinesis