The Cell

Question 1

Cell

Answer 1

Most basic unit of life

Question 2

Cell

Answer 2

Most basic unit of life

Question 3

Light Microscopy

Answer 3

Passing visible light through a specimen

Question 4

Electron Microscopy

Answer 4

Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface

Question 5

Scanning Microscopy

Answer 5

Detailed study of surface of a specimen

Question 6

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Answer 6

Detailed structure of internal ultrastructure of an organelle

Cut through cell

Question 7

Eukaryotes

Answer 7

Nucleus surrounded by membrane

Distinct organelles surrounded by membranes

Animals and plants

Question 8

Prokaryotes

Answer 8

Simpler structure

Usually smaller

No distinct nucleus, DNA in nucleoid

No membrane bound organelles

Bacteria

Question 9

Cell Features

Answer 9

Contain chromosomes, ribosomes, cytosol

Bound by a plasma membrane

Question 10

Animal Cells

Answer 10

Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella, cell membrane

Question 11

Plant Cells

Answer 11

Chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole, plasmodesmata

Question 12

Cytosol

Answer 12

Thick fluid of sugar, protein, amino acids

Question 13

Cytosol

Answer 13

Thick fluid of sugar, protein, amino acids

Question 14

Light Microscopy

Answer 14

Passing visible light through a specimen

Question 15

Electron Microscopy

Answer 15

Focus a beam of electrons through a specimen or onto its surface

Question 16

Scanning Microscopy

Answer 16

Detailed study of surface of a specimen

Question 17

Golgi Complex

Answer 17

Made up of flattened sacks called cisternae

Re-packages rough endoplasmic reticulum proteins into a vesicle that can leave the cell

Question 18

Peroxisomes

Answer 18

Oxidative enzymes that detoxify waste (break down toxins)

Liver hepatocytes - breakdown alcohol so we can get rid of it through the kidneys

Question 19

Prokaryotes

Answer 19

Simpler structure

Usually smaller

No distinct nucleus, DNA in nucleoid

No membrane bound organelles

Bacteria

Question 20

Cell Features

Answer 20

Contain chromosomes, ribosomes, cytosol

Bound by a plasma membrane

Question 21

Animal Cells

Answer 21

Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella, cell membrane

Question 22

Cilia

Answer 22

For cell movement, usually protrude out of cell

Pattern to movement- create a current to move stuff

Large number

Question 23

Parts of a Cell

Answer 23

Plasma Membrane

Cytoplasm (= cytosol+organelles)

Nucleus (=chromosomes+genes)

Question 24

Cytosol

Answer 24

Thick fluid of sugar, protein, amino acids

Question 25

Nucleus

Answer 25

Function is cell replication and repair Usually 1 per cell, exception is red blood cell which doesn't have one and muscles which have many Contains DNA (chromatin or chromosomes) Pores for ribosomal proteins and mRNA Contains nucleolus (ribosome formation)

Question 26

Ribosomes

Answer 26

Make proteins Either free (floating in cytosol) or attached (on rough ER) Free makes proteins for cell, attached makes protein for export

Question 27

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 27

Calcium Storage Steroid Production

Question 28

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 28

Protein production for export

Question 29

Peroxisomes

Answer 29

Oxidative enzymes that detoxify

Question 30

Lysosomes

Answer 30

Sac of digestive enzymes that are used for repair/ removal of foreign matter Only in animal cells White blood cells

Question 31

Phagocytosis

Answer 31

Eating (engulf bacteria, etc) Cell repair Protective response Digestion (of food vacuoles)

Question 32

Cytoskeleton

Answer 32

Cell structure an mobility Complex protein network that act as bone and muscle of cell Microtubules- transport secretory vesicles and from mitotic spindle during cell division, assemble and disassemble quickly (tubulin) Microfilaments- contractile system, stiffeners, usually in muscles (actin and myosin) Intermediate Filaments- very strong, helps resist mechanical stress (keratin)

Question 33

Cilia

Answer 33

For cell movement, usually protrude out of cell Pattern to movement- create a current to move stuff

Question 34

Flagella

Answer 34

Cell movement Long, usually only one per cell No idea of direction

Question 35

Mitochondria

Answer 35

Kidney- bean shaped structure 1 or more per cell Contain cristae and matrix Energy organelle- makes ATP

Question 36

Vacuoles

Answer 36

Found in plant/fungal cells

Question 37

Central Vacuole

Answer 37

Tonoplast membrane Stores organic compounds Colour pigment

Question 38

Contractile Vacuole

Answer 38

Protist and some plant cells Pumps out excess water

Question 39

Food Vacuoles

Answer 39

Engulfs food particles

Question 40

Plastids

Answer 40

Found in plant/algae cells Amyloplasts- starch storage in roots Chromoplasts- orange/yellow colour Chloroplast-contains chlorophyll

Question 41

Cell Wall

Answer 41

Only in plant cells Cellulose and proteins Protects, gives shape, prevents excessive water intake/loss

Question 42

Extracellular Membrane

Answer 42

In animal cells Made of phospholipids and proteins and proteoglycans

Question 43

Tight Junction

Answer 43

Animal cell No movement between cells

Question 44

Gap Junctions

Answer 44

Animal cell Allows movement of ions Transmission of charge/impulse

Question 45

Desmosomes

Answer 45

Plant cell Structural junction Withstands stress/forces Skin/Uterus

Question 46

Plasmodesmata

Answer 46

Plant cell Channels in cell wall that allow movement of cytosol