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The Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

It encompasses the time between the creation of a new cell and that cell’s division.

A

Cell Cycle

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2
Q

It is the splitting of one cell into two and the process that makes growth and reproduction possible for any organism.

A

Cell Division

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3
Q

It is the stage between nuclear divisions.

A

Interphase

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4
Q

Phases of Cell Cycles

A
  1. Interphase
  2. Mitotic Phase
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5
Q

The five subphases of cell cycle.

A
  1. Growth 1
  2. Synthesis
  3. Growth 2
  4. Mitosis
  5. Cytokinesis
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6
Q

In this subphase of cell cycle, the main development period of cell growth, during which new organelles form within the cell. Cell doubles in size.

A

Growth 1

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7
Q

In this subphase of cell cycle, the cell duplicates its DNA. Cells emerge with two identical copies of their DNA.

A

Synthesis

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8
Q

In this subphase of cell cycle, during which the cell prepares for the division that will take place during the mitotic phase.

A

Growth 2

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9
Q

In this subphase of cell cycle, the cell’s chromosomes, or gene carrying structures, divide.

A

Mitosis

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10
Q

In this subphase of cell cycle, the cell’s cytoplasm and cell membrane divide, completing cell division.

A

Cytokinesis

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11
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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12
Q

It is the replication of DNA (chromosome duplication) followed by one round of cell division. Results in two “identical” cells, with exception of the mutations that might occur during DNA replication.

A

Mitosis

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13
Q

It is the replication of DNA (chromosome duplication) followed by two rounds of cell division. Results in 4 haploid daughter cells (gametes) that possess 1/2 the amount of DNA of the parent cell.

A

Meiosis

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14
Q

It happens in somatic cells.

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

It happens in sex cells

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

These packages where DNA and associated proteins are wrapped together.

A

Chromosomes

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17
Q

DNA + proteins =

A

chromatin

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18
Q

Condensed chromatin =

A

chromosomes

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19
Q

It is associated with
replicated chromosome, with two identical chromatids, joined together at the centromere.

A

X-shape

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20
Q

What are the 4 cytologically distinct stages of Mitosis?

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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21
Q

During this phase of mitosis, chromosomes shorten, thicken, and become visible by light microscopy.

A

Prophase

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22
Q

During this phase of mitosis, centrioles move apart and mitotic spindle begins to form.

A

Prophase

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23
Q

During this phase of mitosis, centrioles migrate to opposite sides of nucleus and nuclear envelope begins to disappear.

A

Prophase

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24
Q

During this phase of mitosis, nuclear envelope disappears completely. Replicated chromosomes held together at the centromere are aligned on equator of the spindle

A

Metaphase

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25
During this phase of mitosis, centromeres split, and daughter chromosomes migrate to opposite poles. Cell division (cytokinesis) begins.
Anaphase
26
During this phase of mitosis, nuclear envelopes reform, chromosomes become extended and less visible, and cell division continues.
Telophase
27
It is also known as cytoplasmic division, and takes place immediately after cell division
Cytokinesis
28
The method of cytokinesis in animal cell.
Furrowing
29
The method of cytokinesis in plant cell.
Cell plate formation
30
It ensures that the number of chromosome of each daughter cell is the same as that of the parent cell.
Mitosis
31
It allows for growth and replaces worn out or damaged cells.
Mitosis
32
It only occurs at a particular point in the life cycle.
Meiosis
33
Two successive divisions (meiosis I and meiosis II) of a _____________ nucleus after one DNA replication (chromosome duplication) cycle.
diploid (2N)
34
Cell division (cytokinesis) of Meiosis results in _______________ cells from a single parent cell.
4 haploid (N)
35
In animals, meiosis is also known as _______________.
gametogenesis
36
In plants, meiosis is also known as _______________.
meiospores
37
During this stage of Meiosis, chromosomes are reduced from diploid (2N) to haploid (1N). There are four stages
Meiosis I
38
During this stage of Meiosis I, similar to mitosis, except that homologous chromosomes pair (synapsis) and cross-over. Spindle apparatus begins to form, and nuclear envelope disappears.
Prophase I
39
During this stage of Meiosis, chromosome pairs align across equatorial plane. Random assortment of maternal/paternal homologs occurs.
Metaphase I
40
During this stage of Meiosis, homologous chromosome pairs separate and migrate toward opposite poles.
Anaphase I
41
During this stage of Meiosis, chromosomes complete migration, and new nuclear envelopes form, followed by cell division.
Telophase I
42
In mitosis, _______________ are the structures that divide, while ______________ separate during meiosis.
sister chromatids; homologous chromosomes
43
This stage of meiosis is similar to mitotic division and also has four stages
Meiosis II
44
During this stage of Meiosis, the chromosomes condense.
Prophase II
45
During this stage of Meiosis, spindle forms and centromeres align on the equatorial plane.
Metaphase II
46
During this stage of Meiosis, centromeres split, and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the spindle (one sister chromatid from each pair goes to each pole).
Anaphase II
47
During this stage of Meiosis, chromatids complete migration, nuclear envelope forms, and cells divide, resulting in 4 haploid cells. Each progeny cell has one chromosome from each homologous pair, but these are not exact copies due to crossing-over.
Telophase II
48
During meiosis, chromosome number each cell is _____________.
reduced
49
This is the site where crossing over occurs.
Chiasma
50
Genetic variation occurs in meiosis through:
- genetic recombination - crossing – over
51
Humans have ______________ different types of chromosomes
23
52
Chromosomes of the same type are said to be ______________
homologous
53
The variants that exist for a gene are called ____________.
alleles
54
It is a special type of cell division that is used only for sexual reproduction
Meiosis
55
Meiosis produces ______________
haploid gametes
56
Gametes fuse in fertilization to form ______________
diploid zygote
57
The goal of meiosis is to ________________
produce gametes (sperm and egg cell)
58
They separate during a first round of cell division, called meiosis I.
Homologue pairs
59
They separate during a second round, called meiosis II.
Sister chromatids
60
During this phase of Meiosis, each chromosome internally duplicated (consists of two identical sister chromatids). Homologous chromosomes pair up. Physically align themselves against each other end to end. End view would show four chromatids.
Prophase I
61
Four chromatids are called as
Tetrad
62
This happens when homologous chromosomes pair during prophase 1 of meiosis.
synapsis
63
During this phase of Meiosis, homologous pairs arranged onto the metaphase plate
Metaphase I
64
During this phase of Meiosis, the synapsis breaks up. Homologous chromosomes separate from one another. Homologues move towards opposite poles. Each is still an internally duplicate chromosome with two chromatids
Anaphase I
65
During this phase of Meiosis, daughter cells have one internally duplicate chromosome from each homologous pair. One (internally duplicate) chromosome of each type (1n, haploid)
Telophase I
66
During this phase of Meiosis, there are two daughter cells. Both with one internally duplicate chromosome of each type. Haploid
Cytokinesis I
67
This phase of Meiosis is similar to mitotic interphase but usually shorter. There is no replication of DNA.
Interkinesis
68
Meiosis I is ______________(halves chromosome number)
reductional
69
Meiosis brings about genetic variation in two key ways:
* Crossing-over between homologous chromosomes * Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes
70
It is the exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids during meiosis I
Crossing Over
71
During crossing over, at synapsis, a nucleoprotein lattice (called the ____________________) appears between homologues
synaptonemal complex
72
This is when homologues align at the metaphase plate: They separate in a random manner and the maternal or paternal homologue may be oriented toward either pole of mother cell. This causes random mixing of blocks of alleles into gametes
Independent assortment
73
During this phase of meiosis, the chromosomes condense.
Prophase II
74
During this phase of meiosis, chromosomes align at metaphase plate
Metaphase II
75
During this phase of meiosis, the centromere dissolves, sister chromatids separate and become daughter chromosomes
Anaphase II
76
During this phase of meiosis, there are now four haploid cells, which are all genetically unique.
Telophase II and cytokinesis II

Zoology (3 decks)

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