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MCAT: Biology > The Cell: Eukaryotic Cells > Flashcards

The Cell: Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Whats differentiates eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

A
  • Eukaryotes have a true enclosed nucleus enclosed in a membrane
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2
Q

What surrounds the nucleus?

A
  • The nuclear membrane or envelope
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3
Q

Where is rRNA synthesized?

A
  • The nucleolus
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4
Q

How do mitochondria replicate?

A
  • Binary fission
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5
Q

What is apoptosis?

A
  • Programmed cell death
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6
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates, including substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products.
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7
Q

What is autolysis?

A
  • The release of the sequestered lysosome hydrolytic enzymes
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8
Q

What is rough ER?

A
  • Studded with ribosomes to permit the translation of proteins
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9
Q

What is smooth ER?

A
  • Lack ribosomes and is primarily utilized for lipid synthesis and the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins
  • Transports proteins from the RER to the Golgi apparatus
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10
Q

What is the Golgi apparatus?

A
  • Modifies cellular products by the addition of various groups including carbs, phosphates, sulfates, or signal sequences
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11
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A
  • Contain hydrogen peroxide to breakdown very long chains of fatty acids via β-oxidation
  • Participate in the synthesis of phospholipids
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12
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • To provide structure to the cell and help maintain its shape
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13
Q

What are the 3 components of the cytoskeleton?

A
  • Micro-filaments
  • Micro-tubules
  • Intermediate filaments
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14
Q

What are micro-filaments?

A
  • Solid polymerized rods of actin that are organized into bundles to resist compression and fracture to protect the cell
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15
Q

What are micro-tubules?

A
  • Hollow polymers of tubulin proteins that radiate throughout the cell to provide pathways for motor proteins like kinesin and dynein
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16
Q

Cilia and flagella are structures composed of?

A
  • Micro-tubules
17
Q

What are cilia?

A
  • Primarily involved in the movements of materials along the surface of the cell
18
Q

What are flagella?

A
  • Structures involved in the movement of the cell itself
19
Q

What is the 9 + 2 structure?

A
  • Composed of the 9 pairs of micro-tubules forming the outer ring and 2 micro-tubules in the center
  • Seen only in eukaryotes
20
Q

What are centrioles?

A
  • The organizing centers for micro-tubules
  • Structured as 9 triplets of micro-tubules with a hollow center
  • During mitosis, they migrate to opposite poles of the dividing cell and organize the mitotic spindle
21
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A
  • A diverse group of filamentous proteins

- Involved in cell-cell adhesion or maintenance of the overall integrity of the cytoskeleton

22
Q

What are the 4 tissue types?

A
  • Epithelial tissue
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle tissue
  • Nervous tissue
23
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A
  • Cover the body and line its cavities
  • Involved in absorption, secretion, and sensation
  • Constitute the parenchyma
  • One side faces the lumen and the other side interacts with blood vessels and structural cells
24
Q

What is the parencyma?

A
  • The functional parts of the organ
25
Q

What is the lumen?

A
  • The hollow inside of an organ or tissue
26
Q

What are the 3 types of epithelial cells?

A
  • Simple epithelia (one cell)
  • Stratified epithelia (multiple layers)
  • Pseudostratified epithelia (one thick layer)
27
Q

What are cuboidal cells?

A
  • Cube shaped
28
Q

What are columnar cells?

A
  • Long and thin (column)
29
Q

What are squamous cells?

A
  • Flat and scalelike
30
Q

What is connective tissue?

A
  • Supports the body and produces a framework for the epithelial cells to carry out their function
  • Produce and secrete materials like collagen and elastin to form the extracellular matrix
31
Q

Which structures are made of connective tissue?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Adipose tissue
  • Blood

MCAT: Biology (4 decks)

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