The Cell: Lecture Flashcards
1
Q
oocyte cell
A
aka egg cell; has tons of cytoplasm
2
Q
sperm cell
A
DNA in the head of a cell
3
Q
fat cell
A
filled with lipid; small cytoplasm is on the side
4
Q
red blood cell
A
no nucleus; bag of hemoglobin
5
Q
inorganic compounds
A
no carbon, nonliving
6
Q
electrolytes
A
acids, bases, salts
7
Q
water % mass in a cell
A
75% of cell mass
8
Q
inorganic compounds examples
A
water and electrolytes
9
Q
3 components most cells hav in common
A
cell membrane, a nucleus, and a cytoplasm
10
Q
organic compounds
A
contains carbon, living
11
Q
types of organic compounds
A
protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids
12
Q
what is the structure and function of each protein determined by?
A
the number and sequence of its amino acids
13
Q
what are the three types of protein?
A
structural, enzymes, and hormones
14
Q
monosaccharides
A
simple sugar (glucose)
15
Q
disaccharides
A
two sugars linked together (sucrose)
16
Q
polysaccharides
A
many sugars linked together (glycogen)
17
Q
what are some examples of lipids?
A
fats, cholesterol, phospholipids
18
Q
fats
A
storage form
19
Q
cholesterol function
A
- It strengthens the membrane and stabilizes it at temperature extremes
- precursor to fat soluble vitamins and steroid hormone
20
Q
phospholipids
A
structural form is bilayer
21
Q
what are some examples of nucleic acids
A
DNA and RNA
22
Q
DNA
A
chromosomes, stores genetic information
23
Q
RNA
A
involved in protein synthesis
24
Q
what is the cell membrane composed of?
A
lipids/phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates
25
amphipathic molecule
has both a polar and nonpolar end
26
how is the cell membrane amphipathic?
it has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
27
what is the four functions of the cell membrane?
1. compartmentalization
2. regulation of movement of materials from one area to another
3. provides for intercellular interactions
4. provides recognition sites
28
how is intercellular interactions helpful in the cell membrane?
it allows communication between cells; cell-cell recognition sites (through adhesion)
29
extracellular fluid's location
located outside of the cell membrane
30
interstitial fluid's location
the extracellular fluid located closest to the outer surface of the membrane
31
three components of the nucleus
chromatin, nuclear envelope, nucleolus
32
chromatin
DNA and protein
33
nuclear envelope
membrane surrounding the nucleus
34
nucleolus
site of RNA synthesis (ribosomes produced)
35
three functions of the nucleus
1. stores genetic material
2. involved in cellular division
3. regulates cellular metabolism and activity of all organelles
36
what does the cytoplasm consist of?
cytosol and organelles
37
cytosol
fluid within the cell; composition varies by cell type
38
organelles
small structures that perform specific cell functions
39
inclusions
small components of cells related to its function (very cell-specific)
40
what are the types of organelles within the cytoplasm
ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, and mitochondria
41
ribosomes
"protein factories" of cell
42
ribosome structure
composed of protein and RNA
43
ribosome function
site of protein synthesis !!!
44
endoplasmic reticulum structure
- membranous network of channels
- located through the cytoplasm
- continuous with nuclear membrane
45
endoplasmic reticulum function
provides a channel for communication and transport of substances throughout the cell
46
what types of endoplasmic reticulum are there?
rough ER and soft ER
47
rough ER
- has multiple ribosomes on its surface
| - responsible for manufacture and transport of protein
48
smooth ER
- responsible for lipid production and metabolism, and calcium storage
- detoxification
49
golgi complex structure
stacks of flattened "sacs"
50
golgi complex function
- storage of protein
| - packages material into vesicles or granules for storage or secretion
51
mitochondria
tHe miTocHoNdRia iS tHe pOwErhOUsE oF tHe cELL
52
mitochondria structure
has internal components called cristae
53
mitochondria function
- cellular respiration
| - production of energy from ATP for cellular functions
54
7 types of cytoplasmic inclusions
secretory granules, hemoglobin, lipids droplets, pigments, lysosomes, peroxisomes, vacuoles
55
cytoskeleton
proteins arranged to perform specific cellular functions
56
types of proteins within the cytoskeleton
microtubules, centrioles, microfilaments
57
microtubules structure
small, hallow tubules which run throughout the cytoplasm
58
how are tubules formed
by a protein called tubulin
59
microtubules function
- provides a supporting network
- conducting channels through which substances pass through the cytoplasm
- structural component of centrioles and cilia (memorize this)
60
centrioles structure
- cylindrically shaped organelle composed of nine triplets of microtubules
- two per cell, located near nucleus
61
centrioles function
they play an important role in cell division
62
microfilaments structure
- thin strands of protein
| - usually found in bundles
63
microfilaments function
- provides cytoskeletal support (which dictates cell shape)
| - associated with contractile activities and cell locomotion (this is abundant in muscle cells)
64
what does locomotion also mean
movement
65
microvilli structure
finger-like projections of cell membrane made by in-folding
66
microvilli function
increases surface area of cell membrane and facilitates transport
67
cilia structure
cytoplasmic projections made of microtubules
68
cilia function
move in a wave-like fashion to move mucous, etc.
69
cellular adhesions
-junctional complexes/specialized regions of contact
70
examples of cellular adhesions
tight junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions
71
tight junctions
from a tight seal between cells
72
desmosomes
"spot-weld" cells together
73
gap junctions
allow for cell to cell exchange and communication
74
what are fat cells also called
adipocytes
75
what are red blood cells also called
erythrocyte
76
where is cholesterol found in the membrane
at the hydrophobic side of the phospholipid bilayer
77
nucleus function
- it controls protein synthesis
| - it directs the functional and structural characteristics of the cell
