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Human Biology ATAR > The Central nervous system > Flashcards

The Central nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

Made up of the brain and the spinal cord

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2
Q

What makes up the peripheral nervous system

A

nerves

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3
Q

Structures that protect the CNS

A
  • Bone
  • The meninges
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
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4
Q

Bone protecting the CNS

A

The brain is protected by the cranium, and the spinal cord runs through an opening in the vertebrae called the vertebral canal

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5
Q

The meningies

A

The meninges are found inside the bones, and covering the surface of the brain and spinal cord. They are made up of three layers of connective tissue including:

  • The dura mater (attached to the bone)
  • The arachnoid
  • The sub-arachnoid space
  • And the pia mater
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6
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  • Occupies a space between the middle and inner layers of meninges
  • It also circulates through cavities in the brain and through a canal in the centre of the spinal cord
  • Is a watery fluid containing a few calls and some glucose, protein, urea and salts
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7
Q

Role of the CSF

A
  • To act as a shock absorber
  • To support the brain
  • To transport nutrients
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8
Q

Ridges of the cerebral cortex

A

Gryi

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9
Q

Folds of the cerebral cortex

A

Sulci

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10
Q

Longitudinal fissure

A

A deep grove that almost separates the cerebrum into two halves, the cerebral hemispheres

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11
Q

Lobes of the cerebrum

A
  • Frontal
  • Temporal
  • Parietal
  • Occipital
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12
Q

Three types of tracts in white matter

A
  • Connect various areas of the cortex within the same hemispheres
  • Carry impulses between the left and right hemispheres
  • Connect the cortex to other parts of the brain or to the spinal cord
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13
Q

Functions of the cerebral cortex

A
  • Thinking, reasoning, learning
  • Memory
  • Intelligence
  • Sense of responsibility
  • Perception of the senses
  • Initiation of voluntary muscle contraction
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14
Q

Functioning areas of the cerebral cortex

A
  • Sensory areas: interpret impulses from receptors
  • Motor areas: controls muscular movements
  • Association areas: concerned with intellectual and emotional processes
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15
Q

Corpus callosum

A
  • A wide band of nerve fibres that lie underneath the cerebrum at the base of the longitudinal fissure
  • Nerve fibres in the corpus callosum connect the left and right hemispheres of the brain
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16
Q

Cerebellum functions

A
  • Exercises control over posture and balance
  • Co-ordination of voluntary muscle movement
  • Receives sensory information from the inner ear
  • Receives sensory information from stretch receptors in the skeletal muscles
  • All processes are sub-conscious
17
Q

The hypothalamus regulates

A
  • The autonomic nervous system (HR, BP, digestive juices, movement of alimentary canal, pupil diameter)
  • Body temperature
  • Food and water intake
  • Patterns of waking and sleeping
  • Contractions of urinary bladder
  • Emotional responses
  • Secretion of hormones
18
Q

Medulla oblongata

A
  • It is a continuation of the spinal cord
  • It is about 3cm long and extends from just above the point where the spinal cord enters the skull
    Contains:
  • The cardiac centre: regulates the rate and force of the heart beat
  • Respiratory centres: control rate and depth of breathing
  • Vasomotor centre: regulates diameter of blood vessels
19
Q

Spinal cord

A
  • a cylindrical structure that extends form the foramen magnum to the L2
  • approximately 44cm long
  • enclosed in the vertebral canal
  • three meningeal layers
  • the dura mater is not joined to the bone, allowing the cord to bend when the spine is bent
  • white matter surrounds the grey

Central canal contains CSF

20
Q

Functions of the spinal cord

A
  • carry sensory impulses up to the brain and motor impulses down from the brain
  • integrate certain reflexes

Human Biology ATAR (13 decks)

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