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Neuro Physiology > The Cerebral Hemispheres > Flashcards

The Cerebral Hemispheres Flashcards

(88 cards)

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1
Q

What is a sulcus?

A

Dip

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2
Q

What is a gyrus?

A

Elevation

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3
Q

What is a fissure?

A

Larger dip

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4
Q

Where is grey matter found on the brain?

A

On surface

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5
Q

Where is white matter found on the brain?

A

Inside

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6
Q

What is basal ganglia?

A

Collection of neuronal cell bodies buried in the white matter

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7
Q

Features of corupus callosum

A

Contain fibres which go from one hemisphere to another

A communicating bridge

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8
Q

Important sulci to remember

A

Central sulcus
Lateral sulcus
Cingulate sulcus
Parieto-occipital sulcus

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9
Q

Important fissures to remember

A

Median longitudinal fissure

Transverse fissure

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10
Q

Important gyri to remember

A

Precentral gyrus
Postcentral gyrus
Cingulate gyrus

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11
Q

Another name for the lateral sulcus

A

Lateral fissure

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12
Q

What does the parietal lobe separate?

A

The parietal lobe from the occipital lobe

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13
Q

Lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe

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14
Q

Gyri of the frontal lobe

A

Superior frontal gyrus
Middle frontal gyrus
Inferior frontal gyrus

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15
Q

What is cortical mapping?

A

Mosiac map of the cortex with 52 areas called Brodmann Areas

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16
Q

Main function of frontal lobe

A

Motor

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17
Q

What is the precentral gyrus?

A

Primary motor cortex

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18
Q

What is the inferior frontal gyrus?

A

Brocas Area of motor speech

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19
Q

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Cognitive functions of higher order intellect
Judgement
Prediction
Planning

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20
Q

Functions of the frontal lobe

A

Somatotrophic representation of contralateral half of body (motor homunculus) - precentral gyrus
Brocas area of motor speech
Cognitive functions of higher order intellect, judgement, prediction and planning
Rest of musculature
Eyes

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21
Q

What is the post central gyrus?

A

Primary sensory area

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22
Q

Function of primary sensory area / post central gyrus

A 
Receives general sensations from the contralateral half of the body 
Somatostopic representation (sensory homunculus)
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23
Q

Parts of the parietal lobe

A

Post central gyrus
Superior parietal lobe
Inferior parietal lobe

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24
Q

Function of the superior parietal lobe

A

Interpretation of general sensory information (sensory association area)
Conscious awareness of contralateral half of body

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25
Function of inferior parietal lobe
Interface between somatosensory cortex and visual and auditory association areas
26
Additional function of the dominant hemisphere of the inferior parietal lobule
Contributes to language functions
27
What is observed in hemisensory neglect?
One field of vision
28
What is seen in right left agnosia?
Inability to process sensory information
29
What is acalculia?
Difficulty in performing simple mathematic tasks
30
What is agraphia?
Loss of ability to communicate through writing
31
Overall functions of the temporal lobe
Hearing | Smell
32
Areas of the temporal lobe
Superior temporal gyrus Auditory association areas Inferior surface receives fibres from olfactory tract (conscious appreciation of smell)
33
What is the superior temporal gyrus?
Primary auditory cortex
34
What is the auditory association area in the dominant hemisphere called?
Wernickes area
35
Function of wernickes area
Understanding of the spoken word
36
Main function of occipital lobe
Vision
37
What is the calcarine sulcus on the occipital lobe? Where is this found?
Primary visual cortex | Medial surface of the occipital lobe
38
What is the rest of the occipital lobe?
Visual association cortex
39
Function of the visual association cortex
Interpretation of the visual images
40
What is the limbic lobe involved with?
Memory | Emotional aspects of behaviour
41
What does the limbic lobe consist of?
Cingulate gyrus Hippocampus Parahippocampal gyrus Amygdala
42
Where is the hippocampus found?
Medial aspect of the temporal lobe
43
What is the amygdala?
Subcortical grey matter close to the temporal pole
44
What is the function of the posterior part of the cerebral hemisphere?
Sensory
45
What is the function of the anterior part of the cerebral hemisphere?
Motor
46
What is the function of the medial portions of the cerebral hemisphere (limbic system)?
Storage and revival of processed information
47
Two types of hemispheres
Dominant | Non dominant
48
Main function of frontal lobe
Motor function i.e. skeletal muscle movement | intellect i.e. thinking
49
Main function of parietal lobe
Somatosensory i.e. touch/temperature
50
What part of the temporal lobe is hearing?
Top part
51
What part of the temporal lobe is smell?
Bottom part
52
What is Brocas Area?
Motor speech area
53
What is Wernickes Area?
Auditory association area | Necessary for recognition of the spoken word
54
Where is Wernickes Area found?
Temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere
55
What is aphasia?
Problem with speech due to damage to one or some speech areas in the brain
56
Two types of aphasia
Broca's Aphasia | Wernicke's Aphasia
57
Features of Broca's Aphasia
Understands speech Misses small words Aware of difficulties in speech
58
Where would be damaged to result in brocas aphasia?
Frontal lobe
59
What may also be present with brocas aphasia?
Weakness/paralysis to one side of the body
60
Features of Wernickes Aphasia
Fluent speech with new meaningless words Cant understand speech Doesn't know of mistakes
61
Where would there be damage to to result in wernickes aphasia?
Temporal lobe
62
Would there be assosiated paralysis with wernickes aphasia?
No
63
What are the 3 types of white matter in the forebrain?
Commissural fibres Association fibres Projection fibres
64
Neumonic to remember the 3 types of white matter in the forebrain
CAP
65
Function of commissural fibres
Connect corresponding areas of the two hemispheres (corpus callosum)
66
Function of association fibres
Connect one part of the cortex with the other | May be short or long
67
Function of projection fibres
Runs between the cerebral cortex and various subcortical centres Pass through the corona radiata and the internal capsule
68
What is 3D cerebral tractography?
3D modelling technique that maps functional white matter tracts using data collected using MRI.
69
What is the internal capsule?
Made up of projection fibres passing to and from the cerebral cortex
70
Where is the internal capsule found?
Narrow area between the thalamus and caudate nucleus medially and the lentiform nucleus laterally
71
Blood supply to the internal capsule
Middle cerebral artery
72
When is the internal capsule frequently affected?
In stroke
73
What is a main feature of the internal capsule?
It is very densely concentrated
74
What are basal ganglia?
Subcortical nuclei (collection of neuronal cell bodies - grey matter) deep within each cerebral hemisphere
75
What makes up basal ganglia?
Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus
76
What is functionally a part of the basal ganglia but not anatomically?
Substantia nigra
77
What colour is substantia nigra?
Black
78
Where does substantia nigra lie?
Midbrain
79
What does the substantia nigra lie next to?
Red nucleus
80
What makes up the lentiform nucleus?
Putamen laterally | Globus pallidus medially
81
What are the input regions receiving input from the motor cortex, premotor cortex and from the thalamus?
Caudate nucleus | Putamen
82
What are the output regions connected to the input regions?
Globus pallidus | Substantia nigra
83
What does the globus pallidus primary project to? In turn where does this send fibres to?
Thalamus | Sends fibres to motor area of the cortex
84
Major function of the basal ganglia
Help regulate initiation and termination of movements
85
What is the basal ganglia often called?
Extrapyramidal system
86
White and grey matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Outer grey Inner white Deep in white - grey (basal ganglia)
87
What separated the two cerebral hemispheres?
Median longitudinal fissure
88
What connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
Corpus callosum

Neuro Physiology (15 decks)

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