the changing economic world Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
what is development
A
the progress in economic growth,use of technology and improving welfare that a country has made
- when a counry develops peoples quaility of life impoves
2
Q
why is development hard to measure
A
it includes so many different things
3
Q
what are the different types measures of development
A
-GNI
- GNI per capita/head
-birth rate
- death rate
- infant mortaility rate
- people per doctor
-literacy rate
- access to safe water
- life expencty
4
Q
what is GNI
development measurement
A
- the total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year, including income from overseas
-often given in US - measure of wealth
- as country develops it gets higher
5
Q
what is GNI per head/capita
development measurement
A
- the GNI divded by the population of a country
-often given ins US - measure of wealth
- as country develops it gets higher
6
Q
what is birth rate
development measurement
A
- the number of live births per thousand of the population per year
- measure of education
- as a country develops it gets lower
7
Q
what is infnat mortaility rate
development measurement
A
- the number of babies that die before they are 1 hyear old, per thousand babies born
- measure of health
- as country devleops it gets lower
8
Q
what is death rate
development measurement
A
- the number of deaths per thousand of the population per year
- measure of health
- as country develops it gets lower
9
Q
what is people per doctor
development measurement
A
the average number of people for each doctor
- measure of health
- as country develops it gets lower
10
Q
what is literacy rate
development measurement
A
- the percentage of adults that can read and write
- measure of education
- as country develops it gets higher
11
Q
what is access to safe water
development measurement
A
the percentage of people who cna get clean water
- mesuremnet of health
- as country develops this increases
12
Q
what is life expectancy
development measurement
A
the average age a person can expect to live to
- measure of health
- as country develops this gets higher
13
Q
what are the issues with GNI per head/capita
A
- it cna be misleading when used on its own as it is a average so it shows no variation within the country
14
Q
how can social indicators for development have issues if they are used on their own
A
as a country develops some aspects develop ebfore others - might seem that a country is more developed than it is
15
Q
what are HICs
A
wealthiest countries in the world where the GNI per capita is high
16
Q
examples of HICs
A
- canada
- USA
- UK
- france
17
Q
what are LICs
A
the poorest countries in the world where the GNI per capita is low
18
Q
examples of LICs
A
Afganistan,somalia,Uganda
19
Q
What are NEEs?
A
where the wealth doesnt stay the same - rapidly getting richer as their economey moves on from primary industry to secondary
20
Q
example of NEEs
A
- brazil
- Russia
- China
- India
- South africa
21
Q
what is a way to aviod the problems of using individual measures of development
A
to use the human development index
22
Q
how is the hdi calculated
A
using income,life expectancy and education level
- every country has a level between 0-1
23
Q
what is good about the HDI
A
it tells you both about the countrys level of economic development and the quaility of life
24
Q
what is the demographic transition model
A
shows how birth rates and death rates affect population growth
25
what is stage 1 in the DTM
- least developed - few palces are at stage 1 now
- birth rate high due to lakc of contrception
- people have lots of children due to high infant mortaility rates
- death rates are high deu to poor healthcare
26
what is stage 2 in the DTM
not very developed - many Lics are in this stage
- BIrth rate is high - economey is agricultural based
- increased healthcare increases life expectancy so death rates fall
27
what is stage 3 like in the DTM
more developed - Most NEEs
- birth rate falls rapidly as conctraception use increases
- economy changes from farming to manufactoring
- improved healthcare means the death rate falls and life expectancy increases
28
what is stage 4 and 5 like in the DTM
- most developed - most HICs are in this level
- Birth rates are low - people expecta higher standard of living so less money for children
- healthcare is good to death rate is low and life expectancy is high
29
what are the physical factors affecting how developed a country is
- poor climate
- pooor farming land
- few raw materials
- lots of natural disaters
30
hwo can a poor climate affetc how developed a country is
- some countries can be either really hot or really cold - not as much food can grow and be produced - cna elad to malnutrition
- people ahve fewer crops to sell so they have less money to spend on goods.
- as less is sold and bought - the government gets less money from taxes - less money to spend developing country
31
how can poor farming land affect how developed a country is
- if land in a country is steep or has poor soil then it will be difficult to grow crops or graze animals to grow food
as less is sold and bought - the government gets less money from taxes - less money to spend developing country
32
how can few raw materials affect how developed a country is
- countries with few raw materials have fewer materials to export to other countries
- this mean sthey tend to make less money so arent able to spend much on development
- some coutnries have lots of raw materials but no enough money to get infrastructure to exploit them
33
how do lots of natural disasters affect how developed a country is
- countries with lots of natural disaters have to spend money rebuilding
- natural disaters reduce quaility of life and reduces teh amoutn of money the governemnt has to spend on development projects
34
what are some economic factors that can cause uneven development
- poor trade links
- lots of debt
- an economy based on primary products
35
hwo can poor trade links affect how developed a country is
- world trade patterns affect a countrys economey so it affects their level of development
- if a country has poor trade links it wont be able to make alot of money so therell be less to spend on development
36
hwo can lots of debt lead to uneven development
- poor countries can borrow money from other countries
- this money has to be paid back so theres less for development
37
how can an economy based on primary products link to uneven development
- countries who export primary products tend to be less developed as primary less for less than manufatcored goods
- prices can also fluctutae - like the price falls below cost of production
38
what are the historical causes of uneven development
- colonisation
- conflict
39
how can colonisation lead to uneven development
- countries that were colonised by another are often at a lower development level when teh gain independance than if they ahdnt been colonised
- profits from raw materials used to go back to colonisers rather than the country - prevented coutnries from developing their own industries
40
how can conflict lead to uneven development
- war espically civil war and slow or reduce development
- money is spent on arms and training rather than development
- money spent on rebuilding
- important services are disrupted
41
what are teh consequences of uneven development
- wealth
- health
- international migration
42
how is wealth a consequence of uneven development
- people in developed countries ahve a higehr income than those in less developed
- can lead to big wealth inequailities within countries
- impacts peoples standard of living - teh welathy can afford goods and services
43
how is health a consequence of uneven development
- healthcare in developed countries is better than undeveloped
- people in HICs live longer
- infant mortaility rate is higher in less devleoped countries
- Lack of healthcare in NEEs and LICs means people can die from diseases that could be easily treated in HICs
44
what are the 7 stratergies to reduce the development gap
- investment
- aid
- fair trade
- using intermediate tech
- microfinance loans
- industrial development
- debt relief
45
how does investment reduce the development gap
- FDI is when people in one country buy property in another
- leads to better acess of finance and tech as well as improved infrastructure
46
how does aid reduce the development gap
- money or resources are given to a country by a charity or foregein government
- money is used to develop projects - like shcools,building etc
- aid can help but sometimes can be wasted by courrupted governments
47
how does fair trade help reduce the development gap
- fair trade is about farmers in LICs getting a good price for their goods.
- companies who sell their porducts as fair trade have to pay producers a fair price
48
how can using intermediate technology reduce the development gap
- using tools like machines and systems to help imporve quailty of life but also simple and affordable to use
49
hwo can microfinace loans help reduce the development gap
- microfinance is giving small loans to people in LICs who may not be able to get loans from banks - enables them to become finaically independant
- however it can cause problems of debt
50
how does industrial development reduce the development gap
- in countries with low levels of development, agriculture makes up a large portion of econmy
- developing industry boosts GNI and development + improves skills and productivity
51
How does debt relief reduce the development gap
- debt releif is when some or all of a countries debt is cancelled, emaning teh country has more money to spend on development
52
Key infomation about Kenya
- East Africa
- Lower income country
53
How has kenyas government tried to boost tourism
- Vias Fees fro adults were cut by 50% to make it cheaper to visit
- visas scrapped for thos eunder 16 to encourage families to visit
- landing fees at airports on kenyan coast have been dropped for charter airlines
54
why do people visit kenya
- for its culture
- safari wildlife
- warm cliamte
- unspolit scenery
55
how has tourism rates changed from 1995 - 2017
they have increased from 0.9 million vistitors to 1.4 million visitors
56
what are the benfits for kenyas attempts to try and icnrease tourism to increase development
- tourism from contributes to 4% of kenyas GDP - money that can be spent on development
- over 1.1 million people are directly or inredclty employed by tourism industry - (% of all employment in kenya
- business + kenya gov have invested in transport infrastructure to encourage more toruists
- national parks charge entry fees - moeny is used to maintain international parks
57
what are the negatives of kenyas attempts to try and icnrease tourism to increase development
- only small proportion of money goes to locals - rest goes to big compaines based in HICs - deosnt help development gap
- some communites ahve been forced off their land to create national parks
- tourist vechiles damage envrioment
- tourist numbers have fluctuated - espically after kenyan terroist attacks
58
key infomation on INDIA
- rapidly developing Nee
- second largest population in the world
- has the biggest population and economy in south Asia - plays major role in trade
- indias position allowed trade with middile east
59
why is india globally important
- exports services - IT support
- exports manufactured goods - medicines
- member of WTO
60
how had india developing poltically
- was a british colony until 1947
- now has democratically elected gov
61
what is the development in india like from a social context
- india has a medium amount of development
- there are large inequalities - some people are very wealthy but most are very poor - over 20% of population live in poverty
- education is improving but adult literacy rate is still less than 75%
62
what is the development in india in a cultural context
- rich and diverse culture
- it has over 22 recognised lanuages
- production of bollywood - exported worldwide
- known for distinct dancing and music styles
63
what is the development in india in a environmental context
- india has a varied landscape
- himalayas in north a thar desert in south
- long coast line - tourist attraction + allowed development of ports such as Mumbai
64
what are the three different types of industry
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary and quaternary
65
what is the primary industry in India
- e.g agriculture
- employs 42% of working population
- becoming small part of economy as only makes up 15% of GDP
66
what is secondary industry in india
- e.g manufacturing
- grown rapidly - only employed 16% of workforce in 1999 by 2018 employed 24%
67
how is secondary industry important in India
- stimulated economic development by providing people with stable jobs
- employment leads to positive cyle of economic growth - workers spend money in local shops - local shops pay tax - money goes to more development
-
68
what is tertiary and quaternay industries in india
- serivce + knowledge
- become much bigger employing 34% of workforce - due to growth in IT + supplying foreign companies with customer service
- contribute 62% to GDP
69
what are transnational cooperation
companies that operate in more than one country
70
whereare TNC factories usually located
LICs - due to labour being cheaper + fewer enviromental and labour regulations - meaning they can make more profit
71
where are TNC offices and headquaters usually
in HICs becuase there are more people with administrative skills due to high quaility education
72
what is a example of a TNC in india
unilever - one of worlds biggest food and consumer goods manufactueres
73
what are the advantages of TNCs in india
- provide employment - unilever employs over 16000 people in india
- TNCs have to by tax of 40% of their income to indian governement
- some TNCs run programs to increase development in india - e.g unilevers project shakti helps poor women in rural areas become entrepreneurs
74
what are the disadvanatges of TNCs
- some profits from TNCs leave india
- TNCs may close operation in LICs cuases job loss
- TNC factories may relocate for advanatges so jobs can be unreliable
- TNCs cause enviromental problems - factories contribute to air and water pollution
- some TNCs like fashion brands have been critised becuase their employees get low paya nd poor working conditions
75
how is indias political realtionship with the wider world changing
- pakistan + china both disagree with india over who owns some land on the border - led to tension between three countries
- india has built relationships with other nations in the region
- india working with neighbours to build TAPI pipeine to carry natural gas from turkmenistan through afghanistan through pakistan to india
76
how is indias trading realtionship with the wider world changing
- since 1991 they ahve reduced barriers by reducing tarrifs and forming free trade agreements
- TNCs accoutn for a large porportion of indias flobal trade
77
what is short term aid
money and supplies are given to help countries cope with emregencies
78
impacts of short term aid and a example of it in india
- helps people survive disasters but doenst help long term recovery
- 2010 flloods affected 1.7 million people in idnia - unicef provided mergenacy supplies
79
what is long term aid
money invested into longer term projects to help countries become more developed
80
what are the impacts of long term aid and what is an example
- help idnias long term development
- until 2015 uk sent 200 million a year to improve education,healthcare in poorest areas
81
what is top down aid
an organisation or government decides how the aid should be used
82
impacts of top down aid and example
- can improve countrys economy but may not help poorest people
- dam in gujarat provides water but construction displaced 300000 people
83
what is bottom up aid
money or supplies given directly to local communities so they can decide how to us ethe aid themselves
84
impacts of bottom up aid and example
- provides help where its most needed
- self employed womens association - trained local women to maintain and repair water pumps
85
what effects has development in india had on quaility of life
- more jobs + daily wages have increased
- people have more money to improve their lives
- access to clean water has increased
- however some jobs liek coal minign can be dangerous or have poor working conditions which can reduce a workers quaility of life
86
what effects has development in india had on the enviroment
- energy consumption has increased
- fossil fuels are most readily avaible and afforable - but released loads for polltuion - indias captial Delhi had worst air pollution in the world
- demands for rescources can lead to detsruction fo habitats
- increased income means people can afford to protect enviroment rather than exploting it
87
what are some imporatnt industries in the UK
services - like retail - employs about 4 million people
finance - espically city of london is home to global financial insitutions
infomation etch - over 670000 people work in IT
research - makes use of uks skilled graduates
88
how has the UKs economy changed
- uks economy used to eb based on manufactoring
- since 60s manu has declined + tertitary and quaternany has grown
89
where are quaternary industries usually found
in
- science parks
- business parks
90
where are science and business parks usually located
- outskirts of cities near to hosuing and good transport links
- near unis so that research businesses cna work with univeristy researchers
91
why has the number of science and business parks grown
- growing demand for high tech products
- uk has high number of respected research univerisities
92
what are the three main causes of economic change in the UK
de - industrilisation
globalisation
governemnt polices
93
how has de-industrilisation led to economic change in the UK
- industrial base decilined as increased automation led to jobs losses in manufactuing
- as other countries industrilised they could produce goods more cheaply - competition forced some uk manufacuting industries to close
94
how has globalisation led to economic change in the UK
- lots of manufactoring moved overseas as labour was cheaper
- trade with other countries are an important part of UK GDP
95
how has government polices led to economic change in the UK
- gov decisions on investment affect economy
- memebrship of trade agreements - WTO - amke sit easier for countries to operate across the globe
96
how can industry have negative impacts on the enviroment
- factories release pollutants or greenhouse gases
- extarcting raw materials e.g minign can damage habitats
97
what is teh UKS transport network like
roads - gov announced 4 schemes to improve networks and congestion
railways - propsed HS2 line will increase capaicity and allow faster jounreys between major cities
airports - gov agreed new runway in south east
ports - new port - london gate way - oepne at mouth of river thames in 2013 - hope it will be hub for global trade
98
how has the uk got strong linsk to other countries
trade - uk tardes globally + exports are worth over 160 billion per year
culture - uk strong creative industry - e.g shawn teh sheep is shown in 170 countries
transport - channel tunnel links UK to france + large airports like heathrow acta s internationak hub
electronic communications - internet + tele make it easier for communication across globe - strengthens over sea links
99
how was the uk formed economic and political links with other countries
commonwealth - includes UK and many fromer colonies - promotes cooperation ebtween memebr countries through trade,aid and sport
100
example of how popualtion decline can ahve social and economic effects
- south lakes cumbria
- popualtion decreased by 0.8%
- in barrow lots of shops have closed - affects employment + local economy
- younger people have left - elaving older generation - causing strain on emdical services and social care
101
example of how population increase can ahve social and economic effects
- north somerset
- areas population increased by about 7.5%
- house prices in area rose by 6.7%
- employment + wages are above national average
- roads congested with commuters to bristol and services liek schools are over subscribed
102
what is evidence for teh north south divide
wages are generally lower in north than south - in 2014 average weekly wage in huddersfield was 40% lower than london
health is generally worse in north than south - life expectancy
education - gcse results are better in south than in mindlands or north
103
what are teh expections to the north south divide
- wealthy areas in the north
- and places with high deprivation in south
- these dont fit trends
104
what are three ways the governemnt is trying to reduce regional differences
- devolving more powers
- creating enterprize zones
- the nothern powerhouse
105
how is the governemnt trying to reduce the north south divide through devoling powers
scotland,wales and northen ireland have their own devloved gov
- this allows them to use money on schemes the feel will best benefit the community
- e.g better transport + regeneration projects
106
what is reasons for the north south divide
- the decline of ehavy industry has had more of a impact on north and the growth of post-industrail serivce industries has mostly benefitted the south
107
how many enterprize zones have been created across england scotland and wales
50
108
how benefits do compaine sget from locating in enterprize zones
- reduced taxes
- simplier planning rules - certain developments are automatically allowed within zones
- financial benefits - in some zones businesses who invest in buildings can reduce future tax bills
- improved infrastructure - gov ensures superfast broadband
109
how does creating enterprize zones help reduce the north south divide
- enourages compaines to locate in areas of high unemployment - which can bring jobs + icnome which helps reduce the north south divide
110
what is teh northen powerhouse
- governemnts plan to reduce north/south divide by attracting investment into north and improving transport links between cities
- plan includes to extend super fast broadband + spending 70 million on improving schools
111
how was the northen powerhous been critised
- critised for being more of a concept than an a actual plan
- not always promised how the money is going to be spent
- critics point uout it focuses on big cities like manchester but ignores smaller towns in the north
