urban issues and challanges Flashcards
(80 cards)
1
Q
i8what is urbanisation
A
the growth in the proportion of people living n urban areas
2
Q
what percent of people live in urban areas
A
55% and it is constantly increasing
3
Q
what are HIC
A
higher income countries that are more economical developed
4
Q
is the rate urbanisation high or low in HICs
A
low because most people leave urban areas for less crowded rural areas
5
Q
is urbanisation high or low in LICs
A
high
6
Q
what is a nee
A
a newly emerging country where economic development is happening rapidly
7
Q
what is urbanisation caused by
A
rural-urban migration
natural increase
8
Q
what is the rate of rural-urban migration caused by
A
push and pull fatcors
9
Q
what is rural-urban migration
A
the movement of people from the countryside to the city
10
Q
what are the push factors for rural-urban migration
A
natural disasters - damaged property and farmland
mechanised agriculture - fewer jobs
desertification - makes land unproductive
11
Q
what are the pull factors for rural-urban migration
A
- more jobs in urban areas that are often better paid
- access to better healthcare and educational opportunities
- people think better quality of life
12
Q
what is natural increase
A
when birth rate exceeds the death rate, as more people are being born than dying the populaton grows
13
Q
how do young people increase population
A
its often young people who move for job opportunities who then have children which increases population
14
Q
what can ebtter healthcare lead to
A
increased life expectancy
15
Q
what do high rates of urbanisation elad to
A
megacities
16
Q
how many peopel are ther ein a mega city
A
10 million or more
17
Q
where are most mega cities located
A
in LICs or NEEs
18
Q
what is the biggest city in arfica
A
Lagos
19
Q
what are the key features of Lagos
A
- city in nigeria
- Nigeria is a NEE and has the highest GDP of any african country
- population over 14 million
- annual growth rate of 3.2% - one for the fastest growing urban areas
20
Q
how is Lagos important regionally
A
- large migrant population increases cultural diversity
- well connected to other major towns which makes it a important regional trade centre
21
Q
How is Lagos important nationally
A
- home to 80% of Nigeria’s industry as well as many global companies
- Was capital of nigeria until Abuja became capital
22
Q
how is Lagos important Internationally
A
- Lagos is main financial centre for the west of africa
- 5th largest economy on the continent
- the international airport and port are important for global trade
23
Q
what factors caused lagos to grow
A
british colonisation - centre for trade and attracting merchants
slavery abolished - ex slaves returned
Lagos gained independence - rapid economic development as nigeria resources - oil werent controlled by brits
- natural increase and migration
24
Q
what is Nigerias natural increase like
A
35.2 births per 1000 people compared to a death rate of 9.6 so the population is rapidly increasing
25
what is NIgeria's migration like
estimated 1200 migrants enter Lagos everyday from either neighbouring countries or rural areas
26
what social opportunities does Lagos present
better access to services and resources than rural nigeria
- more healthcare centres
- 90% of children are in primary schools whereas only 60% of children attend in rural areas
- better access to electricity - city uses 40% of the countries supply - people can cook and light their homes more easily
-water treatment plants provide safe water
27
what are the economic opportunities in Lagos
incomes can be 4 times higher than those in rural nigeria
- Rapid growth means lots of construction jobs
- Lagos is home to many of the countries Banks,government departments and manufacturing jobs
- two major ports
- thriving music and film industry - 'Nollywood'
28
what problems have arose from Lagos rapid growth
- slums and squatter settlements
- access to clean water,sanitation and energy
- access to health and education
- unemployment and crime
29
what are slums and squatter settlements liek in Lagos
- house construction cnat keep up with lagos population growth
- increasing house prices can be too costly
- as a result 66% of lagos live in illgeal settlements (slums)
30
what are houses in slums like
often flimsy wooden huts
they are built illegally so people can face evicition if slums are demolished to clean up city
31
what is access to clean water,sanitation and energy like in Lagos
water - Only 40% of city is connected to state water supply - water is in such short supply - people pay hugley inflated amounts to get water from informal sellers
sanitation - up to 15 househols can share a toilet - waste often goes to local water sources - contaminated water causes health problems
energy - Lagos doesnt ahve enough electricty to power whole city as once so neighbourhoods take it in turn
32
what is - access to health and education like in Lagos
- aren't enough healthcare facilities for everyone and not everyone can afford treatment
- arent enough shcools for growing population - more primary in Makoko slum - families cant afford to send their children to school
33
what is unemployment and crime like in Lagos
- there aren't enough formal jobs for the growing population - so people have to find other ways to make money like through scavenging
- 60% of population work in informal jobs without legal protection - e.g stalls might be bulldozed for new development
- high levels of crime - mainly in slums - Makoko, is patrolled by gangs called 'area boys' who commit crimes and police the slum
34
what are the environmental issues of Lagos
- population produces over 9000 tonnes of waste per day
- only 40% of rubbish is officially collected - large rubbish dumps with toxic waste
- waste disposal and emissions from factories lead to water and air pollution
- traffic congestion is very bad - some worked face 2 hour commutes in rush hours. - limited public transport worsens this - severe congestion leads to further air pollution
35
what urban planning scheme was introduced into Lagos and when
The Makoko floating school prototype was built by NLE works in 2013 to give some of the poorest children access to free education
36
what were the social benefits of the Lagos Urban planning scheme
- up to 100 students could be educated for free - families didnt need to scavenge to pay fees
- school built by unskilled local workers - the skills they gain from this helped them build and repair own homes
-school also used for many community meetings and activities
37
what were the economic benefits from the Lagos Urban planning scheme
- education improved local children job prospects
- provided jobs fro teachers
- the sucess encouraged to teh government to laugh a regeneration plan to help the slum develop further
38
what were the environmental benefits for the Lagos urban planning scheme
- built using locally sourced materials - did not harm environment
- buoyancy allowed it to adjust to different water levels - stopped flooding
- shcool ran on solar power - energy needs were met in a sustainable way
- school collected rainwater
39
what are the upland areas in the UK like
- sparsely populated as they are difficult to farm and have few natural resources
40
what are the coastal areas like in the UK
- they have attracted human settlement - especially where there are sheltered bays which a suitable for building harbours
- key ports like cardiff and liverpool have grown into major cities
41
what is the biggest city in the UK
London is the Uks biggest city - has around 9 million people which is about 16% of Uks total population
42
why are lowland areas the most developed
they are easier to build on and the climate is milder than upland areas
43
how many zones do most Uk cities have
4 district zones
44
what are the 4 district zones
central business district
the inner city
suburbs
rural-urban fringe
45
what is liverpool
a port city in north west england
46
where is liverpool loated and why is this important
- developed on the river mersey estuary
- its location allows it to export both goods and culture
- making it a gateway between UK and the rest of the world
47
how is liverpool a internationally significant city
- world capital of pop
- european capital of culture
- almost 840000 foreign tourists visted liverpool in 2017 - contributing 258 million to uk economey
48
how does liverpool play a vital role for people in the UK
- second biggest city in the North West
- contributes to the manufactoring industry - 3000 comapines emplot over 30,000 people
49
what type sof migration have greatly influenced over liverpool
national migration
international migration
50
how was national migration influenced liverpool
- welsh migrants arrived in liverpool attrached by its developing industry
- national migration rose when famine struck ireland in 1845
- about 75% of liverpudlians have irish anecestry
51
how has international migration affect liverpool
- ships have being arriving in liverpool since 1715 when its port was built
- liverpool is home to europes first ever china town
- uks oldest black arfican community is found in liverpool
- liverpool remains diverse 1 in 8 people are from a ethnic minority background
52
how has urban change brought enviromental opportunites to liverpool
urban greening - decline of industry left many areas of liverpool run down and open spaces as wasteland - planners trying to turn this into open spaces like public parks
cycle and pedestrian routes - green spaces are being made more accesibale to reduce green house gas emissions
53
how has urban change in liverpool brought social and economic opportunites
cultural mixing - ethnic diveristy group a range a food,fesitvals and cultural expiernces to city - china town
recreationa nd entertainment - albert rock restored and developed to include many shops + resturants - ech area for sports and venue was build on a brownfield site
employment - tourism + service offeres 160000 jobs - development of balatic triangle turned dereflict factories into creative industries - film making
integrated transport system - merseytravel operates teh citys bus,train and ferry network - prepaid cards are used across all networks making it easier to get aorund city
54
how has urban change in liverpool led to envriomental challanges
- dereliction - when wealthier people elft city, buildings were abandoned - derelct buildings were vanilised
- building on browfield and green field sites - city grows theres pressure to build on green field sites - destroying habitats - building on brownfield sites is better but needs clearing and decontaminating
- waste disposal - population icreases - more people creating waste but less space to store it
55
how has urban change in liverpool caused social and economic challanges
urban deprivation - industrial decline in the 20th century left liverpool deprived
housing inequaility - regeneration in some parts has increased inequaility - wealtheir areas have better access to hosuing + education - older hosuing is replaced with newer - but new residents struggle as too expensive - forced to leave
- education + employment inequaility - many children in deprived areas leave school without basic quailifications - leads to low incomes and high unemployment
56
what problems do traffic congestion cause
enviromental - traffic increases air pollution + release of green house gases
economic - congestion makes people late for work + delay in deliveries - makes people loose money
social problems - higehr chance of accidents - causes frustrtation, health issues for cyclists and pedestrians + delay fro emergancy vehciles
57
what are examples of how congestion is reduced through public transport in London
- underground - takes 3 million people off roads each day
- self service bikes - cheaper - bike lanes and special biek signals at junctions improve their saftey
- oyster cards - allows people to use transport networks without having to buying cards - easy and quick
58
how can traffic flow be managed
- ring roads + pedestrianised shopping streets keep traffic away from city centre - safter + less pollutted
- bus priority lanes - stops buses being held up in traffic - makes them more appealing
- parking restrictions - make sure parked cars dont block traffic
- congestion charges - discourages drivers from entering teh city centre at peak times
59
what is good about creating green spaces in cities
- they provide naturally cooler places where people can relax in hot weather
- they encourage people to excerzise more and use alternative transport like bikes - makes people happier and less stressed
- makes people happier by providing a break from the noisy bustle of the city
60
how can cities be unsustainable
| green space
- tehy can be noisy,dirty,busy
- people will find this unpleasent and stressful
- by creating green space in big cities it makes people wnat to work and live there
61
what is good about recyling in big cities
- means fewer resources are used - can can be melted to make more cans
- less waste is produced - reducing the amount that goes to landfill
- land fill is unsustainable, wastes resources that could be recycled - evetually there will no where left to bury the waste
62
what are some waste recyling schemes
- kerbside collections of recyclable materials
- building recyalicng facitites to deal with larger items
- websites like free cycle - where items are given out for free so they can be used again instead of thrown away
63
what is urban sprawl
the unplanned growth of urban areas into the surrounding countryside
64
what is the rural-urban fringe
an area of land where urban and rural land uses mix
65
how has the merseyside conurbation affected teh rural urban fringe
- large housing estates like croxteth park have been built on rural greenfield land - destroying open spaces
- out-of-town developments like knowsley business park take advanatge of cheaper land outside city - however rural alnd is lost and they can cause pollution and congestion
66
what is teh merseyside conurbation
as liverpool has grown it has sprawled,merging with surronding urban areas to create it
67
what are communter settlements
- places on the rural urban fringe where the majority of the population leaves town each day to work elsewhere
68
what challanged can commuter settlements cause
- new hosuing developments can affect a rural settlements character + harm envrioment
- businesses in commuter settlements may suffer as majority are absent and spend their money where they work rather than were they live
- large number of communters can increase pollution + traffic congestion
69
what is regeneration
the development of an urban area to improve the physical enviroment and quaility of life for residents
70
what is the rengeration case study
Anfield
71
how was Anefield a deprived area in England
- many homes were derelict - those who were vacant fro more than 5 years were just being sold for £1
- the area of economic and social problems - high unemployment,criminala citivity,vandilisam
72
what is the Anefield project
- urban regeneration project in liverpool
- liverpool city council,liverpool football club and your hosuing group pleged to invest 260 million to regenreate anefield
73
what are teh social and economic features of the anefield project
- over 36 million already spent in anefield
- over 300 derelict houses have been refurbished + plans for 600 new homes
- the anefield sports and community centre has been refurbished + new health centre + shcool opened
- new high street planned including £10 million hotel.
- local independant business are being encouraged to move in
74
what are the environmental features of teh anfield project
- stanley park has seen major improvements - improved footpath,resurfaced car park,dead trees have been replaced
- £4.5 million has been spent of a environmental scheme aiming to narrow roads in order to creater wide,tree lined pavements + a pedestrian friendly area
75
what does sustainable living mean
living in a way that lets people meet their needs now,without reducing the ability of people to meet their needs in the future
76
what is the aim of water conservation schemes
- only so much water should be taken from the environment as can be naturally replaced
- they reduce the amount of water used
77
what are some examples of water conservation schemes
- collecting rainwater for use on gardens or for flushing toilets
- installing toilets that flush less water
- installing water metres so people have to pay fro the water they use
- encouraging people to use less water - e.g turning off taps
78
why is burning fossil fuels not sustainable
- theyll run out eventually + they contribute to climate chnage
79
what is the aim of energy conservation schemes
- to reduce the use of fossil fuels
80
examples of energy conservation schmes
- promoting renewable energy
- encouraging people to make their homes energy efficent - e.g gov can let those who use renewables ell excess energy to national grid
- making sure all homes meet minium enegry efficeny requirements
- encouraging people to reduce car use
