the changing uk economy

Question 1

compare the job sectors

Answer 1

primary - land based eg farming
secondary - manufacturing eg factory
tertiary - service eg nursing
quarternary - high tech eg research

Question 2

how has uk economy changed

Answer 2

18th century - primary
19th century - insdustrial revolution, secondary eg textile
current - tertiary

Question 3

causes of economic change in uk and define each

Answer 3

de-industrialisation - decline in secondary
globalisation - growth & spread of ideas
government policies

Question 4

how has de-industrialisation changed uk economy

Answer 4

decline in secondary due to:
- machinery replacing factory workers
- cheaper production elsewhere as labour is cheaper, eg in china

Question 5

how has globalisation changed uk economy

Answer 5

• increases quarternary as industries such as transport, communication, and internet are increasingly used
• increased world trade and cheaper imports, lower secondary

Question 6

how have government policies changed uk economy

Answer 6

1950s-60s - government created state-run industries eg national rail

1980s - 2000s - privatisation: state-run industries sold to private shareholders, many industries and jobs lost. however, new private companies created brought innovation & change, eg canary wharf

2010+ - “rebalance”: investments in secondary and less prosperous north of UK. policies:
- improving transport eg elizabeth line
- investment in high tech manufacturing, encouraging firms to locate, eg bristol

Question 7

what is a post - industrial economy

Answer 7

a shift in economy - UK shifts secondary to quarternary after industrial revolutiom

Question 8

what has moved the uk to a post industrial economy

Answer 8

IT, service industry and finance, research

Question 9

how has IT moved uk to a post industrial economy

Answer 9

• increase in work from home, especially after covid, has lead to increase in technology usage, boosting quarternary as more developments made
• IT sector employs 1.3 million in uk

Question 10

how has service industry and finance moved uk to a post industrial economy

Answer 10

tertiary has rapidly grown since 1970 - now 81% of economic output
eg finance - worlds leading sector, 10% economic output with 2 million workers

Question 11

how has research moved uk to a post industrial economy

Answer 11

60 000 employees contribute 3 billion to economy and projected to grow
- communication with high-end unis to stay on cutting edge of science & technology

Question 12

how can improving roads affect the uk

Answer 12

eg: south west super highway
- £2 billion to widen the often congested main motorway to south west to a dual carriageway, said to become “super highway”
- hundreds of construction jobs
- improved connectivity and widened roads reduces congestion, increasing efficiency of delivery & improving punctuality at school/work

• widening destroys local habitat
• increased noise pollution for locals
• congestion still remains

Question 13

how can improving railways affect the uk

Answer 13

eg: londons crossrail - links reading and heathrow in the west to shenfield and abbey wood in the east
- reduce journey times
- brings additional 1.5 million people within 45 minute journey of key business districts

• opened 3.5 years late and £4 billion over budget.

Question 14

how can improving ports affect the uk

Answer 14

eg: liverpool 2 - new container terminal
- capacity more than doubled, 1.5 million containers annually. reduced road traffic as less road transport needed
- over 5000 jobs created

• poorly designed, poor access for lorries. requires greater infrastructure: protests due to costs, noise, environment,

Question 15

how can improving airports affect the uk

Answer 15

• creates global links, improving economy both regionally and nationally

eg londons airports - 2015 project to create third runway, £19 billion
- expected to boost economy by £61 billion
- 77 000 jobs created

• hundreds of homes must be demolished
• increased noise pollution
• planes are most polluting mode of transport, more runways = more planes

Question 16

what is a science park

Answer 16

a group of scientific and technical knowledge - based businesses located on a single site

Question 17

what is a business park

Answer 17

area of land occupied by a cluster of businesses

Question 18

where are science and business parks often located

Answer 18

on edges of towns for
- better access with less congestion
- land is cheaper
- better work environment

science parks: close to unis to attract top graduates and share research

Question 19

example of science park with brief description

Answer 19

university of southampton science park.
- 100 small science and innovation businesses eg award winning software business Gresham Tech

Question 20

advantages of university of southampton science park

Answer 20

• close links with uni of southampton to attract top graduates and share research
• attractive location with extensive fields/woodland
• excellent transport links eg M3 to london, southampton international airport

Question 21

example of business park with brief description

Answer 21

cobalt business park in newcastle-upon-tyne
- uks largest business park with several support facilities eg retail outlets and a fitness centre
- companies eg santander

Question 22

advantages of cobalt business park

Answer 22

• transport links eg A19, and 20 mins from international airport
• businesses there are qualified for government assistance, offers employment for newcastle, which suffered economic decline due to traditional industries closing

Question 23

disadvantages of science and business parks

Answer 23

• growth in housing demand increases house prices - lower paid workers cannot afford
• built on greenfield. green belt under further pressure due to housing demand as workers wish to live nearby workplace

Question 24

impacts of industry (eg quarry) on environment

Answer 24

• visual impact on landscape
• waste often taken to landfill, pollutes water, soil, air
• transport of material often needs road construction/widening, transport increases air pollution

Question 25

how can industrial development be made more environmentally sustainable

Answer 25

- technology can be used to reduce harmful emissions from power stations and heavy industry - desulphurisation removes harmful gases eg sulphur dioxide - heavy fines imposed when pollution incidents occur

Question 26

how is quarrying made more sustainable

Answer 26

strict environmental laws eg restoration, removing dust from road, relandscaping, recycling

Question 27

example of industrial development that is more environmentally sustainable and brief description

Answer 27

tor quarry in somerset - contributes £15 million annually to local economy

Question 28

how is tor quarry environmentally sustainable

Answer 28

- being restored: recreation, habitats, limestone features for natural look - noise, vibration, dust are regularly monitored - plans to expand quarry: deepened rather than widened - less damaging

Question 29

example of somewhere experiencing population growth with brief description

Answer 29

south cambridgeshire - rural area surrounding cambridge - 11% population are migrants - 160 000, projected to be 190 000 by 2031

Question 30

social effects of population growth (case study)

Answer 30

- 80% car ownership increases traffic on narrow country roads - modern developments in villages and gentrification of run-down buildings: objections, broken community spirit

Question 31

economic effects of population growth (case study)

Answer 31

- 80% car ownership, high fuel demand so high fuel prices - reduced agricultural employment as farmers sell land for housing (however employment in construction) - pressure on services as commuters may use services in place of work, eg cambridge

Question 32

social effects of population decline (case study)

Answer 32

- fewer students -> school closure, those left are limited - increasingly ageing population and fewer younger people -> difficulty employing people for active jobs, lack of carers

Question 33

example of somewhere experiencing population decline and brief description

Answer 33

outer hebrides - 65 scottish islands - declined 50% since 1901 - 27 000 and decreasing due to limited job opportunity, younger people

Question 34

economic effects of population decline

Answer 34

- farmers can only provide work up to 2 days a week - high tourism (200 000 annually) -> current infrastructure cannot support scale, income limited

Question 35

what is the north south divide and describe it

Answer 35

the real or imagined cultural and economic difference between north and south of uk, - south generally with higher SoL, life expectancy and income - however also suffers with higher housing prices and congestion, lower mental well-being

Question 36

why is there a north south divide

Answer 36

- growth was centred in northern areas during industrial revolution - many of these industries declined & moved elsewhere during post revolution, reduced prosperity in north. - fast-growing service industry in south & london becoming major financial centre, rapid development in south.

Question 37

how can we resolve the north south divide

Answer 37

regional strategies: - LEPs (Local Enterprise Partnerships) - enterprise zones

Question 38

what are LEPs and how can they resolve the north south divide

Answer 38

partnerships between local authorities and businesses - identify local business needs and encourage companies to invest, boosting economy and creating jobs eg lancashire LEP, £1 billion - 11 000 jobs created - construction of major road to M55 - improved road access & decreased traffic

Question 39

what are enterprise zones and how can they resolve the north south divide

Answer 39

encourages new businesses and jobs. government supports by: - providing business rate discount (lower tax) - ensuring the provision of superfast broadband

Question 40

what are the uks links with the wider world

Answer 40

- trade - culture - television - migration - transport - electronic communication - member of international organisations eg the G7 and NATO

Question 41

how does trade link the uk to the wider world

Answer 41

- important links with EU, USA and China - increasing as internet develops, eg finance and communications

Question 42

how does culture link the uk to the wider world

Answer 42

- global importance of english language provides many strong cultural links - british music, sport, and television sold globally, eg coldplay, football/premier league, Dr Who - migrants bring culture eg food, festivals (notting hill)

Question 43

how does television link the uk to the wider world

Answer 43

- eg dr who, downtown abbey, top gun - £1.5 billion of export earnings in 2019 - largest markets are USA, france, australia

Question 44

how does transport link the uk to the wider world

Answer 44

- heathrow is one of worlds busiest airports - Channel tunnel and ferries link to mainland europe - provides tourism and trade

Question 45

how does electronic communication link the uk to the wider world

Answer 45

- 99% of all internet communications pass along submarine cables, UK is one of main focuses - 2017 project Arctic Fibre plans to connect asia, canada & europe with 15 000km cables

Question 46

uk economic links

Answer 46

EU - member 1973 - 2020: - still have free trade arrangement - freedom of movement between countries no longer exists

Question 47

how did the eu affect the uk

Answer 47

- financial support for farmers and disadvantaged regions of uk, eg £18 million for dairy farmers - laws and controls of crime & pollution - goods, services and labour were able to move freely between member states and encourage trade

Question 48

uk political links

Answer 48

member of commonwealth - 54 nations - advice on a range of issues eg human rights, economic develpoment - trading and cultural links eg commonwealth games