The Chemical Basis of Life

Question 1

More hydroxyl’s than hydrogen’s

More OH- than H+

Answer 1

Alkaline or bases

pH range of 8-14

Question 2

Neutral

Answer 2

pH of 7
Distilled Water/blood
Equal amounts of H+ & OH-
Buffers

Question 3

Resist change in pH?

Answer 3

Buffers

Question 4

Acid

Answer 4

pH range 1-6
more H+ than OH-
more hydrogen than hydroxyl’s

Question 5

pH simply means

Answer 5

the power of hydrogen

Question 6

Electrolytes

Answer 6

Are Ions

Question 7

Describe Cohesion

Answer 7

hydrogen bonds hold molecules of water together

Question 8

An example of cohesion

Answer 8

Water works as a lubricant or cushion to protect against damage from friction or trauma

Question 9

High heat of vaporization

Answer 9

Many hydrogen bonds must be broken for water to evaporate.

Question 10

evaporation of water in perspiration cools the body

Answer 10

Example of: high heat of vaporization

Question 11

High “specific” Heat

Answer 11

hydrogen bonds absorb heat when they break & release heat when they form, thereby minimizing temperature changes.

Question 12

Body temperature stays relatively “constant”

Answer 12

Example: High “specific” Heat

Question 13

Strong Polarity

Answer 13

Polar water molecules attract other polar compounds which causes them to dissociate.

Question 14

Properties of water

Answer 14

Strong polarity
High Specific Heat
High heat of vaporization
Cohesion

Question 15

Strong polarity; example

Answer 15

Many kinds of molecules can dissolve in cells, thereby permitting a variety of chemical reaction allowing many substances to be transported.

Question 16

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 16

key reaction during anabolism
water is removed as smaller subunits are fused together
requires energy (ATP)

Question 17

Anabolism

Answer 17

Description of chemical reactions that form more complex biomolecules (macromolecules) from
smaller subunits: ATP (synthesis reaction)
lipids
proteins
carbohydrates
nucleic acids

Question 18

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

Answer 18

transfers energy to cell components that need the energy to do work

Question 19

AB—>A+B
H2O
Breaks down complex compounds to simpler ones and release energy from them.
This chemical reaction is called: Hydrolysis
(water breakdown)

Answer 19

Catabolism

Question 20

Catoblism

Answer 20

Describes chemical reactions that breakdown larger food molecules into smaller chemical units and in so doing often release energy

Question 21

Is used to describe all the chemical reactions that occur in body cells

Answer 21

Metabolism

Question 22

AB+CD—–>AD+CB
NaBr + KCl—–>NaCl+Br

breakdown or decompose, two compounds and in exchange synthesize two new compounds

Answer 22

Exchange Reactions

Question 23

Ab —–>A+B
H2O2——>H2O+O2

the breakdown of a complex substance into two or more simpler substance.

Answer 23

Decomposition

Question 24

A+B——->AB
H2 + O2 ——->H2O
Putting together

Answer 24

Synthesis

Question 25

Before the arrow

Answer 25

Reactant

Question 26

After the arrow

Answer 26

Product

Question 27

Between charges weakest bond between compounds polar compound

Answer 27

Hydrogen bond

Question 28

Positive ION

Answer 28

Cation

Question 29

Negative ION

Answer 29

Anion

Question 30

``` Between Ions Form compound soluble electron transfer bond Na----->Cl- ```

Answer 30

Ionic Bond

Question 31

``` C,Si,H form compunds Insoluble makes up most of body strongest bond electron sharing ```

Answer 31

Covalent bond

Question 32

Has a charge an atom has gained or lost an electron can be positively or negatively charged ions with opposite charges are attracted to each other

Answer 32

Ions

Question 33

What are chemical bonds

Answer 33

reactions that holds atoms together

Question 34

gamma rays are

Answer 34

electromagnetic | dangerous

Question 35

Beta particles

Answer 35

can be dangerous | 1 electron

Question 36

Alpha particles

Answer 36

2protons + 2 neutrons Not dangerous heavy particles

Question 37

Same # of protons | Different # of Neutrons

Answer 37

Isotopes

Question 38

Octet Rule

Answer 38

Only holds 8

Question 39

Protons + Neutrons=

Answer 39

Mass #

Question 40

Orbital, energy level, or shells

Answer 40

Where electrons disappear and reappear | Travel

Question 41

Atomic Structure

Answer 41

Protons Electrons Neutrons core of the atom is the nucleus

Question 42

What are the four main elements found in the body

Answer 42

Carbon Oxygen Hydrogen Nitrogen

Question 43

Protons in the atom=

Answer 43

Atom #

Question 44

two or more elements are joined to form chemical combinations

Answer 44

Compounds

Question 45

Describe an element

Answer 45

element is pure and cannot be broken down into two

Question 46

anything that has mass and occupies a space

Answer 46

matter

Question 47

Carbohydrates are

Answer 47

Saccharides

Question 48

Ase

Answer 48

enzymes that breaks them apart

Question 49

ose

Answer 49

sugars

Question 50

Monosaccharide's

Answer 50

(one sugar) Glucose

Question 51

Disaccharides

Answer 51

two sugars glucose + glucose = Maltose glucose + Galactose = Lactose glucose + Fructose = Sucrose

Question 52

Polysaccharides

Answer 52

many monosaccharide's chemically joined to form a straight or branched chains

Question 53

Glycogen

Answer 53

animal starch | main polysaccharide in the body

Question 54

Are non polar, water insoluble, organic

Answer 54

Lipids

Question 55

For Major Organic Substances

Answer 55

carbohydrates lipids protein's nucleic acids

Question 56

Steroids

Answer 56

``` lipids cholesterol estrogen testosterone cortisol ```

Question 57

Prostaglandin

Answer 57

20 carbon unsaturated fatty acids five carbon ring lipids tissue hormones

Question 58

Proteins four elements

Answer 58

oxygen carbon nitrogen hydrogen

Question 59

make-up protein molecule are bonded together to form chemical units are called

Answer 59

amino acids

Question 60

Proteins are composed of

Answer 60

20 amino acids | 9 are essential which must be induced because the body doesn't make it

Question 61

What are the four levels of protein

Answer 61

Primary: chain of amino acids Secondary: coils or folds Tertiary: one protein (larger 3d shape) Quaternary: multiple proteins

Question 62

Structural Proteins

Answer 62

Provide Structure

Question 63

Functional Proteins

Answer 63

Provide Function

Question 64

The structure of ATP

Answer 64

one adenosine group three phosphate groups A-P-P-P

Question 65

what are the two kinds of base pairs in DNA

Answer 65

A ( 2 hydrogen bonds) T | G ( 3 hydrogen bonds) C

Question 66

how many pairs are estimated in one human molecule

Answer 66

more than 100 million pairs

Question 67

Pyrimidine's

Answer 67

Single ring; Cytosine and Thymine

Question 68

Purines

Answer 68

Two rings Adenine and Guanine

Question 69

DNA Polymerase

Answer 69

Assembly of DNA strands

Question 70

When a protein loses its functional shape

Answer 70

denaturation

Question 71

Immunoglobulin (antibody)

Answer 71

FIGHTS INFECTION

Question 72

Nucleic Acids

Answer 72

DNA RNA Nucleotides

Question 73

Visualizing proteins

Answer 73

most commonly used; Ribbon Model

Question 74

s~s bonds that form between cysteine's

Answer 74

disulfide linkages

Question 75

reinforces, connects tissues of the body

Answer 75

Collagen

Question 76

Digest Proteins

Answer 76

Chymotrypsin