The Chemical Foundation of Life (Ch. 2)

Question 1

molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

Answer 1

acid

Question 2

attraction between water molecules and other molecules

Answer 2

adhesion

Question 3

hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms

Answer 3

aliphatic hydrocarbon

Question 4

negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons

Answer 4

anion

Question 5

hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms

Answer 5

aromatic hydrocarbon

Question 6

the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element

Answer 6

atom

Question 7

calculated mean of the mass number for an element’s isotopes

Answer 7

atomic mass

Question 8

total number of protons in an atom

Answer 8

atomic number

Question 9

statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom
equalized for both the products and reactants

Answer 9

balanced chemical equation

Question 10

molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the
hydrogen ions’ concentration in a solution

Answer 10

base

Question 11

substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

Answer 11

buffer

Question 12

amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius

Answer 12

calorie

Question 13

occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow
tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the tubes’ sides

Answer 13

capillary action

Question 14

positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons

Answer 14

cation

Question 15

interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming
molecules

Answer 15

chemical bond

Question 16

process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules

Answer 16

chemical reaction

Question 17

the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other

Answer 17

chemical reactivity

Question 18

intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible
for surface tension

Answer 18

cohesion

Question 19

substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements

Answer 19

compound

Question 20

type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms
when electrons are shared between atoms

Answer 20

covalent bond

Question 21

release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and
the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H+ and OH

Answer 21

dissociation

Question 22

ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance

Answer 22

electrolyte

Question 23

negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital;
lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of –1 unit

Answer 23

electron

Question 24

how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where we are
most likely to find an electron

Answer 24

electron orbital

Question 25

movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creating ionic bonds

Answer 25

electron transfer

Question 26

ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms

Answer 26

electronegativity

Question 27

one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down into smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons

Answer 27

element

Question 28

molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other

Answer 28

enantiomers

Question 29

steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system

Answer 29

equilibrium

Question 30

change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of water's surface, plant leaves, or an organism's skin

Answer 30

evaporation

Question 31

group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton

Answer 31

functional group

Question 32

isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond

Answer 32

geometric isomer

Question 33

high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor

Answer 33

heat of vaporization of water

Question 34

molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen

Answer 34

hydrocarbon

Question 35

weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

Answer 35

hydrogen bond

Question 36

describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water

Answer 36

hydrophilic

Question 37

describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water

Answer 37

hydrophobic

Question 38

element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms

Answer 38

inert gas & noble gas

Question 39

atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

Answer 39

ion

Question 40

chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)

Answer 40

ionic bond

Question 41

chemical reaction where reactants proceed unidirectionally to form products

Answer 41

irreversible chemical reaction

Question 42

molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula

Answer 42

isomers

Question 43

one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons

Answer 43

isotope

Question 44

chemical law stating that the rate of a reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances

Answer 44

law of mass action

Question 45

filter paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes in order to use it as a pH indicator

Answer 45

litmus paper & pH paper

Question 46

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Answer 46

mass number

Question 47

anything that has mass and occupies space

Answer 47

matter

Question 48

two or more atoms chemically bonded together

Answer 48

molecule

Question 49

uncharged particle that resides in an atom's nucleus; has a mass of one amu

Answer 49

neutron

Question 50

type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them

Answer 50

nonpolar covalent bond

Question 51

core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons

Answer 51

nucleus

Question 52

rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells

Answer 52

octet rule

Question 53

region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons

Answer 53

orbital

Question 54

any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide)

Answer 54

organic molecule

Question 55

organizational chart of elements indicating each element's atomic number and atomic mass; provides key information about the elements' properties

Answer 55

periodic table

Question 56

scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution

Answer 56

pH scale

Question 57

type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions

Answer 57

polar covalent bond

Question 58

molecule that is result of chemical reaction

Answer 58

product

Question 59

positively charged particle that resides in the atom's nucleus; has a mass of one amu and a charge of +1

Answer 59

proton

Question 60

isotope that emits radiation comprised of subatomic particles to form more stable elements

Answer 60

radioisotope

Question 61

molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction

Answer 61

reactant

Question 62

chemical reaction that functions bidirectionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough

Answer 62

reversible chemical reaction

Question 63

substance capable of dissolving another substance

Answer 63

solvent

Question 64

the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

Answer 64

specific heat capacity

Question 65

when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution

Answer 65

sphere of hydration

Question 66

molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds

Answer 66

structural isomers

Question 67

hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons

Answer 67

substituted hydrocarbon

Question 68

tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the liquid's molecules

Answer 68

surface tension

Question 69

outermost shell of an atom

Answer 69

valence shell

Question 70

very weak interaction between molecules due to temporary charges attracting atoms that are very close together

Answer 70

van der Waals interaction