The Chrysanthemum and the Sword

Question 1

folk

What we need to know first is what their views are - their folk traditions, the myth of their national history, …

Answer 1

〔文化などが〕民族の、民族的な

Question 2

oppressing

When the Axis invaded Manchukuo, Ethiopia and Poland, it showed that they were doing an evil thing by oppressing weak peoples

Answer 2

〔権力などで〕虐げる、圧迫する

Question 3

expendability

The most extreme case of this expendability was the no-surrender policy.

Answer 3

消耗性

Question 4

Tripartite Pact

For example, in the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy, …

Answer 4

三国同盟

Question 5

secular

They became part of the caste system. Also, Japan did not use the idea of a secular emperor.

Answer 5

宗教的でない、非宗教的な、宗教に関係ない

Question 6

vassal

However, he did not allow them to be his vassals, they were not given an important role in politics.

Answer 6

家臣

Question 7

artisan

There were four castes: the samurai, the farmers, the artisans, and the merchants.

Answer 7

職人、工匠

Question 8

inferior

A man receives on from people above him, and the idea of accepting an on from any man who is not above him makes him feel inferior.

Answer 8

〔地位や立場が〕下位の

Question 9

devote

On always has this meaning of being totally devoted when it is used about on for the emperor.

Answer 9

〔神聖なものに～を〕ささげる、奉納する

Question 10

porcupine

Botchan calls him Porcupine,…

Answer 10

ヤマアラシ

Question 11

conformity

In English, ‘giri to the world’ is often translated as conformity to public opinion.

Answer 11

〔法律や慣習などの〕順守、服従

Question 12

go-between

There are many go-betweens to prevent confrontations.

Answer 12

仲介者、仲人、橋渡し役

Question 13

confrontation

There are many go-betweens to prevent confrontations.

Answer 13

〔国家間の〕対立、敵対

Question 14

daze

Everyone is in a daze, not caring much how he does things.’

Answer 14

ボーッとした状態

Question 15

pledging

Japanese people see our idea of pledging never to drink as a strange custom.

Answer 15

誓約する、固く誓う

Question 16

pursuit

To them, the idea of the pursuit of happiness is a strange one.

Answer 16

追いかけ、追跡

Question 17

province

The Japanese see the ‘whole duty of man’ as if it were a country divided into separate provinces on a map.

Answer 17

〔行政区分の〕州、省、県

Question 18

contradiction

But there contradictions are a big part of Japanese life.

Answer 18

〔真っ向から相反することから生じる〕矛盾、不両立

Question 19

competent

Above this regular ‘competent’ self-discipline, there is the expert level.

Answer 19

有能な、力量のある、優秀な

Question 20

nirvana

It is a great Buddhist country, but he ideas of being born again and nirvana have never been popular.

Answer 20

涅槃、解脱

Question 21

expertness

In Japan, they are a most important part of training in ‘expertness’.

Answer 21

練達

Question 22

tease

He has been teased.

Answer 22

〔しつこく〕いじめる、からかう、悩ます

Question 23

chrysanthemum

In Japan, chrysanthemums are grown in pots and shown at yearly flower shows all over the country with each perfect petal separately arranged by the grower’s hand and held in place…

Answer 23

菊

Question 24

petal

In Japan, chrysanthemums are grown in pots and shown at yearly flower shows all over the country with each perfect petal separately arranged by the grower’s hand and held in place…

Answer 24

花弁、花びら

Question 25

rust they have the strength to keep an inner sword free from the rust which always threatens it.

Answer 25

さび

Question 26

consequence General MacArthur have avoided humiliating he Japanese and have only said that the Japanese must do things that seem, In Japanese eyes, to be 'natural consequences'of defeat.

Answer 26

結果、結論、帰結

Question 27

obedient When he says a people are obedient, he does not explain, too, that they do not like to be controlled from above.

Answer 27

従順な、素直な、服従する

Question 28

polls the solutions it has agreed with can be studied just as carefully as we use polls to find out about what will happen in an election.

Answer 28

〔選挙の〕投票、開票、得票計算

Question 29

Confucianism

Answer 29

儒教

Question 30

proper station all other countries must be given their proper stations

Answer 30

あるべき正しい場所

Question 31

authoritarianism However, it is not like the Western idea of authoritarianism.

Answer 31

独裁［権威］主義

Question 32

filial piety Filial piety in Japan is limited to face-to-face family.

Answer 32

〔儒教の道徳の〕孝 子としての 信心深さ、敬けん

Question 33

heir The oldest son is the heir.

Answer 33

〔世襲の位階などの〕継承者、世継ぎ◆発音はairと同じ。

Question 34

outcast Below them were the outcasts.

Answer 34

見捨てられた人 | 穢多非人

Question 35

divide There are a large divide between the samurai and the other classes.

Answer 35

分割、分裂

Question 36

apprentice Many of these small shops used the old apprentice system.

Answer 36

〔職人などの〕徒弟、年季奉公人

Question 37

cultivating The Japanese make life hard for themselves by cultivating physical pleasures and then limiting them.

Answer 37

高める、磨く、洗練する、〔気持ちを〕助長する、〔友情などを〕深める、培う

Question 38

prostitute The woman may be a GEISHA, highly trained in music and dance and the arts of entertainment, or she may be a prostitute.

Answer 38

売春婦

Question 39

teasing During the earlier years, they are prepared for this through things like teasing.

Answer 39

思わせぶりに振る舞って楽しむ［その気にさせておいてセックスはしない］人

Question 40

submissive the Japanese think that we are a lawless people, while we think that they are too submissive.

Answer 40

服従的な、従順な、服従する