The Circulatory System & Blood

Question 1

A viscous substance that varies from bright red to dull brick red, depending on the amount of oxygen it is carrying.

A type of connective tissue because it consists of plasma where formed elements are suspended.

Answer 1

Blood

Average adults have 5.5 liters of blood

Question 2

Three types of formed elements are found in the blood:

Answer 2

• Erythrocytes (RBCs)
• Leukocytes (WBCs)
• Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Question 3

• A nonliving fluid matrix.
• It is approximately 90% water.
• It is where living cells and cell fragments are suspended.

The different substances dissolved in this fluid.

Answer 3

Plasma

1. nutrients, salts (electrolytes)
2. respiratory gases
3. hormones
4. plasma proteins
5. various wastes

• Composition of plasma varies constantly as cells exchange substances with the blood.

Question 4

A carrier that transports other molecules.

It is a crucial blood buffer and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood.

Answer 4

Albumin

Question 4

• Most abundant solutes in
  plasma.
• Synthesized in the liver.

The variety of functions it serves

Answer 4

Plasma Protein

1. Albumin
2. Clotting Proteins
3. Antibodies

Question 5

Helps in preventing blood loss.

Answer 5

Clotting Proteins

Question 6

Helps protect
the body from pathogens.

Answer 6

Antibodies

Question 7

• Primarily carries oxygen to all cells of the body.
• Small, flexible cells shaped like biconcave discs (flattened discs with depressed centers).
• Anucleated and contains very few organelles

Contains iron-bearing protein that transports oxygen that is carried in the blood.

Answer 7

ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS)

Hemoglobin

Question 8

• Contains a nucleus.
• Less numerous than RBCs and are protective, pathogen-destroying cells.

Two major groups of this cell

Answer 8

LEUKOCYTES (WHITE
BLOOD CELLS)

• Granulocytes
• Agranulocytes

Question 9

The granules in their cytoplasm stain differently with Wright’s stain, and they have peculiar nuclei.

Types

Answer 9

Granulocytes

1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils
3. Basophils

Question 10

It represents 50% - 70% of the leukocyte population.

Its nucleus consists of three to seven lobes, and its pale lilac cytoplasm contains very fine red and blue granules.

They function as active phagocytes.

Answer 10

Neutrophils

Question 11

It represents 2% - 4% of the leukocytes.

Its nucleus is usually shaped like a figure 8 or bilobed, and its granules are stained red-orange.

They increase in numbers during allergies and parasite infections.

Answer 11

**Eosinophils

Question 12

It represents 0.5% - 1% of the population.

It has a large U-shaped or S-shaped nucleus, and its granules
are stained purple.

Its granules contain histamine, a
vasodilator that helps mediate the inflammatory response.

Answer 12

Basophils

Question 13

It contains no observable cytoplasmic granules.

These WBCs are more abundant in lymphoid tissues.

Its nuclei are more closer to normal.

Types

Answer 13

Agranulocytes

• Monocytes
• Lymphocytes

Question 14

It represents 25% of the leukocyte population.

It is the smallest of the leukocytes, it is approximately the size of a red blood cell.

Its nucleus is large, dark blue to purple, spherical, or slightly indented.

Cytoplasm appears as a thin blue rim around the nucleus.

They are “warriors“ of the immune system.

I’m smol but strong

Answer 14

Lymphocytes

Question 15

It represents 3% - 8% of the population.

It is the largest leukocyte, approximately twice the size of red blood cells.

The nucleus is usually kidney-shaped.

It functions as an active phagocyte, increasing in numbers during chronic infections.

Answer 15

Monocytes

Question 16

Irregularly shaped bodies that appear much smaller than other formed elements.

Cell fragments of large multinucleated cells called megakaryocytes.

Answer 16

Thrombocytes (Platelets)

Normal platelet count ranges from 150,000 to 400,000 per cubic meter.

Question 17

• “Receiving chambers”
• Superiorly located
• Receives blood from the body circulation and assist with filling the ventricles

Answer 17

Atria

Question 18

• “Discharging chambers”
• Inferiorly located, thck-walled
• Pumps or contracts to propel blood out of the heart and into body circulation

Answer 18

Ventricle

Question 19

Four valves enforce a one-way blood flow through the heart chambers

Answer 19

Heart Valves

Question 20

• Located between the atrium and ventricle on each side.
• Prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles are contracting

Answer 20

Atrioventricular (AV) Valves

Question 21

• Located between a ventricle and a great vessel on each side

Answer 21

Semilunar Valves

Question 22

Valves that are open during heart relaxation and lcosed when vetricles are contracting.

Valves that close during heart relaxation and forced opened when vetricles contract.

EACH SET OF VALVES OPERATES AT A DIFFERENT TIME

Answer 22

The Atrioventricular (AV)

The Semilunar valves

Question 23

System of large and small tubes where blood travels:

Answer 23

BLOOD VESSEL

Question 24

**Smallest blood vessels**; where **substance exchange** takes place

Answer 24

Capillaries

Question 25

**Carries oxygenated blood away** from the heart

Answer 25

**Arteries**

Question 26

**Carries deoxygenated blood back** to the heart

Answer 26

Veins

Question 27

The **walls** of blood vessels ## Footnote Its three layers

Answer 27

TUNICS ## Footnote 1. Tunica Intima 2. Tunica Media 3. Tunica Externa

Question 28

* Which lines the **lumen, or interior**, of the vessels. A **thin layer of endo thelium (squamous epithelial cells)** resting on a basement membrane. Its cells fit closely together and form a **slick surface** that **decreases friction** as blood flows through the vessel lumen.

Answer 28

Tunica Intima

Question 29

* The **bulky middle layer** * The **smooth muscle**, which is controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, is active in changing the diame ter of the vessels As the vessels constrict or dilate, **blood pressure increases or decreases**, respectively

Answer 29

Tunica Media

Question 30

* The **outer most tunic** * This layer is **composed largely of fibrous connective tissue** * Its function is to **support and protect the vessels**.

Answer 30

Tunica Externa

Question 31

MAJOR SYSTEMATIC ARTERIES OF THE BODY

Answer 31

1. Ascending aorta 2. Aortic arch 3. Thoracic aorta 4. Abdominal aorta ## Footnote THE AORTA IS THE LARGEST ARTERY OF THE BODY

Question 32

MAJOR SYSTEMATIC VEINS OF THE BODY

Answer 32

* superior vena cava * inferior vena cava

Question 33

One of the **phases** of the Cardiac Cycle The **heart relaxes** and **fills with blood**.

Answer 33

Diastole

Question 34

Includes events of one complete heartbeat

Answer 34

CARDIAC CYCLE ## Footnote * Both atria and ventricles contract and then relax * A predictable sequence of changes in blood volume and pressure occurs within the heart

Question 35

One the **phases** of the Cardiac Cycle The phases where **heart contracts** and **pumps blood out** of the ventricles

Answer 35

Systole

Question 36

The **atria contract** and fill the ventricles with blood. ## Footnote The **ventricles contract** and pump blood into the blood vessels.

Answer 36

**Atrial Systole** ## Footnote **Ventricular Systole**

Question 37

The **atria fill with blood**. ## Footnote The **ventricles fill with blood**.

Answer 37

**Atrial Diastole** ## Footnote **Ventricular Diastole**

Question 38

Heart sounds are often described by the two syllables

Answer 38

**"Lub"** and **"Dup"**

Question 39

The first heart sound ## Footnote caused by the closing of the AV valves; **longer and louder**.

Answer 39

**Lub**

Question 40

The second heart sound ## Footnote when the semilunar valves close at the end of ventricular systole; **short and sharp*.*

Answer 40

**Dup**

Question 41

The term that refers to the **alternating surges of pressure** (expansion and then recoil) in an **artery** that occur with each beat of the **left ventricle**. ## Footnote Relationship to blood pressure

Answer 41

**Pulse** ## Footnote The peak of an arterial pulse is the systolic blood pressure.

Question 42

Commonly called a **blood pressure cuff** An instrument used to **measure blood pressure by the auscultatory method**. ## Footnote Explain how to use it

Answer 42

Sphygmomanometer ## Footnote 1. **Wrap the cuff**: Place the cuff around the bare, extended upper arm, making sure it fits well. 2. **Inflate the cuff**: Use a pump or bulb to inflate the cuff until blood flow is stopped. Deflate the cuff: Slowly release the air from the cuff. 3. **Listen with a stethoscope**: Place the stethoscope over the artery below the cuff. 4. **Record the pressure**: The first sound heard is the systolic pressure, and the last sound is the diastolic pressure.