The CNS Flashcards
(125 cards)
1
Q
What is does the CNS include?
A
- brain
- spinal cord
2
Q
What are neurons?
A
nerve cells
3
Q
What does the PNS include?
A
- spinal nerves
- cranial nerves
4
Q
What two categories of cells are classified as neural tissue?
A
- Neurons
- Neuroglia (glia; glial cells)
5
Q
What is the matrix for neural cells?
A
Network composed of proteins and polysaccharides
6
Q
What are the main purposes of neural tissue?
A
- communication
- integration
7
Q
What are the components of a neuron?
A
- dendrites
- axon
- soma
- nucleus
- synapses
- myelin sheath
- nodes of Ranvier
8
Q
Where does information enter the neuron?
A
through the dentrites
9
Q
What is the function of the myelin sheath?
A
insulation
10
Q
What are the Nodes of Ranvier?
A
gaps in between the myelin sheath surrounding axons
11
Q
Where do neurons connect to other nerve cells?
A
through the synapses
12
Q
What is the path of electrical impulses in the neuron?
A
dendrites > soma > axon > myelin sheath > synapses
13
Q
What color is the nerve cell?
A
grey
14
Q
What color is the myelin sheath?
A
white
15
Q
Where on the brain is there more grey matter?
A
outside
16
Q
Where on the brain is there more white matter?
A
deeper inside
17
Q
What is the function of white matter?
A
to transmit messages
18
Q
What color is the corpus callosum?
A
white
19
Q
What is grey matter in the CNS called?
A
nuclei
20
Q
What is white matter in the CNS called?
A
tracts
21
Q
What is grey matter in the PNS called?
A
ganglia
22
Q
What is white matter in the PNS called?
A
nerves
23
Q
What is the exception to white matter of the CNS being called tracts?
A
ocular nerve
24
Q
What is the synapse?
A
where the end of one nerve cell touches the end of another to communicate
25
What is the synaptic cleft?
the gap between one nerve cell and another
26
What contains neurotransmitters?
vesicles
27
What are neurotransmitters?
chemical compounds
28
When are neurotransmitters released?
when cell activated through a chemical reaction
29
What are four examples of neurotransmitters?
- dopamine
- endorphins
- serotonin
- adrenaline
30
What does the terminus button encompass?
- presynaptic neuron
- vesicles
- mitochondrion
- synaptic cleft
31
What happens when neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft?
they are passed to the postsynaptic neuron and trigger a response
32
What are the two major parts of the brain?
- Hindbrain
- Forebrain
33
What is the hindbrain comprised with?
- cerebellum
- brainstem
34
What are the two components of the brainstem?
- pons
- medulla
35
What is the forebrain compromised of?
- diencephalon
- cerebrum
36
What is the diencephalon?
Gray matter in the deepest part of the forebrain
37
What is the diencephalon comprised of?
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- epithalamus
- subthalamus
38
What is the cerebrum?
The largest part of the human brain, which is responsible for conscious thought, perception, and movement.
39
What is the cerebrum comprised of?
- grey matter (cerebral cortex)
- white matter (corpus callosum)
- two hemispheres
- four lobes
40
What is the corpus callosum?
The white matter connecting two hemispheres
40
What is the corpus callosum?
The white matter connecting two hemispheres
41
What are the functions of the corpus callosum?
- Communication between hemispheres
- Eye movement and vision
- Maintaining the balance of arousal and attention
- Tactile localization
42
What are the four lobes?
- frontal
- parietal
- temporal
- occipital
43
What is the parietal lobe responsible for?
sensory perception
44
What is the temporal lobe responsible for?
audition
45
Where is the Sylvian fissure?
see image 2.1
46
Where is the central sulcus?
see image 2.2
47
Where is the precentral gyrus?
see image 2.3
48
Where is the postcentral gyrus?
see image 2.3
49
Where is the inferior frontal gyrus?
see image 2.3
50
Where is Herschl's gyrus?
see image 2.3
51
Where is Broca's Area?
see image 2.3
52
Where is Weirnicke's Area?
see image 2.3
53
Where is the angular gyrus?
see image 2.3
54
What does Broca's aphasia effect?
- grammar
- spontaneous speech
55
What does Weirnicke's aphasia effect?
- decoding language
- impaired understanding of speech
- impaired silent reading
56
What is the Herschl's gyrus responsible for?
It is responsible for processing auditory information
57
What does the cerebellum control?
- fine-tuning of motor control
- balance, posture, movement
- cognition (mostly)
58
What does the pons control?
- breathing
- sleep/consciousness
59
What does the medulla control?
- heart rate
- breathing
- blood pressure
60
What does the diencephalon control?
- emotions
- automated muscular movements
61
What are the functions of the amygdala?
- Processes emotions
- Fight or flight
- Swearing
62
What are the four fs of the amygdala?
- fighting
- fucking
- feeding
- fleeing
63
What are gyri?
Grooves of brain that stick out
64
What are sucli?
Valleys of brain that go in
65
What are fissures?
Deep sulci between the lobes
66
What are action potentials?
The transmission of electrical charge down axon through dendrites to next neural cells
67
What are ions?
atoms with a charge (don’t have equal numbers of protons and electrons)
68
What are the features of an atom?
- do not have an electrical charge
- do have equal numbers of protons and electrons
69
What charge is the inside of a cell?
negative (K+ & Anions-)
70
What charge is the outside of a cell?
positive (Na+)
71
What is resting potential?
voltage difference between inside and outside of axon at rest
72
What prohibits ions to pass through membrane wall?
protein
73
What part of the membrane wall does allow ions to pass?
- gates
- sodium-potassium pumps
74
What happens when the threshold is reached inside the cell?
- Na+ ion gates open
- many Na+ ions rush in
- raises charge (potential)
75
What happens when peak positive potential is reached?
- K+ channels open
- K+ ions flow out
- Na+ gates close
- charge goes down
- K+ (outside) and Na+ (inside) are switched
76
What happens in the refectory period?
- Pumps move Na+ out
- Pumps move K+ in
- Undershoot
77
What is the analogy for the refectory period?
flushing toilet
78
What happens to action potential once it reaches the terminal point?
- vesicles move to the membrane wall
- vesicles hit the membrane wall
- releases neurotransmitters
- neurotransmitters move to the synaptic cleft
- activates receptors on next neuron
- triggers ion channels to open
79
What is saltatory conduction?
Action potentials jump rapidly between the nodes of Ranvier rather than movement continuously along the entire length of the axon
80
AP movement down axon is faster in _____ axon.
thicker
81
What areas in the brain is language associated with?
- distributed throughout the entire cortex
- differential lateralization of cerebral hemispheres
- areas along the Sylvian fissure (Perisylvian Language Zone)
82
What is cerebral localization?
Different areas of the brain serve specific functions
83
What is Broca's area responsible for?
Conscious speech planning
84
Where is Broca's area located?
- Left hemisphere on the frontal lobe
- Posterior portion of the inferior frontal gyrus (frontal operculum)
85
What are the Brodmann’s areas for Broca's area?
45, 44
86
What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?
Conscious speech
comprehension
87
Where is Wernicke's area located?
- Posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG)
- In the left hemisphere
88
What else is superior temporal gyrus (STG) responsible for?
Social cognition
89
What is not effected in Broca's aphasia?
understanding
90
What is not effected in Wernicke's area?
- production
- fluency
91
What is the arcuate fasciculus?
Tract (of white matter)
92
What is the function of the arcuate fasciculus?
To connect Broca’s area with Wernicke’s area
93
What species have an arcuate fasciculus?
human primates
94
What results from damage to arcuate fasciculus?
conduction aphasia
95
What are the effects of conduction aphasia?
Cannot repeat something they are told
96
What remains uneffected in conduction aphasia?
- understanding
- production
97
What are arcuate fasciculus anatomical differences associated with?
- stuttering
- dyslexia
- autism
- amusia
- insomnia
98
What areas are associated with perception?
- Wernicke’s area
- Auditory cortex
- Visual cortex
- Somatosensory cortex
- Amygdala
99
What areas are associated with production?
- Broca’s area
- Angular gyrus
- Somatomotor cortex
- Cerebellum & basal ganglia
100
What is the function of the auditory cortex?
Processes auditory information
101
Where is the auditory cortex located?
On the superior
temporal gyrus
102
What is the function of the visual cortex?
Processes visual
information
103
Where is the visual cortex located?
in the occipital lobe
104
Why is the visual cortex important for language?
- facial ques
- McGurk effect
- sign language
105
What is the function of the motor cortex?
- to control motor movement
- to receive a conscious speech plan
106
Where is the motor cortex located?
Anterior to central sulcus
107
What is the motor homunculus?
The part of the motor cortex that has a direct mapping to each body part
108
What are the largest areas represented on the motor homunculus?
- hands
- speech articulators
109
What is another name for the motor cortex?
somatomotor cortex
110
What is the function of the somatosensory cortex?
to perceive sensation
111
Where is the somatosensory cortex located?
Posteriortocentralsulcus
112
What is the sensory homunculus?
The part of the somatosensory cortex that has a direct mapping to each body part
113
Are the sensory homunculus and the motor homunculus identical?
No, they are slightly different in representation
114
Where is the amygdala located?
Located in deep grey
matter
115
Associations between ____ of ____ amygdala at 6 months and ______ and ______ abilities at 2, 3 and 4 years of age.
volume; right; expressive; receptive
116
What is the function of the angular gyrus?
- High-level speech planning
- Multimodal integration
117
Where is the angular gyrus located?
- Part of parietal lobe
- near the superior edge of the
temporal lobe
118
What other part of the brain is also responsible for multimodal integration?
cerebellum (lower level)
119
Along which fissure are the language areas located?
perisylvian fissure
120
What language areas are located along the Sylvian fissure?
- Auditory cortex
- Broca’s area
- Angular gyrus
- Wernicke’s area
121
What type of processing is the mid-superior temporal gyrus most strongly associated with?
phonetic processing
122
What type of processing is the anterior superior temporal gyrus most strongly associated with?
auditory word- form processing
123
What type of processing is the anterior superior temporal sulcus most strongly associated with?
phrasal processing
124
Individual speech sounds tend to group in the brain according to _______.
phonological classes
