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Neurology > The CNS > Flashcards

The CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the CNS consist of

A

Brain and spinal chord

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2
Q

What is the difference between grey and white matter

A

Grey matter contains cell bodies of neurones and a lot of glial cells
White matter contains myelinated neuronal axons

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3
Q

Describe the cerebrum/cerebral cortex

A

Grey matter outside, white inside

70% of grey matter hidden in sulci

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4
Q

Compare the primary and association cortex

A

Primary cortex - has a distinct function

Association cortex – more complex function, ‘higher processing’

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5
Q

What are the 4 lobes and what are they involved in

A

frontal - primary motor cortex + motor association area responsible for voluntary movement
temporal - Primary somatosensory cortex responsible for interpretation of sensory info
parietal - Primary auditory cortex and auditory association cortex responsible for hearing
occipital - Primary visual cortex and visual association area responsible for vision

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6
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

white matter tract

interconnects corresponding parts of 2 hemispheres

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7
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia

A

Controls posture and movement

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8
Q

What are the cerebral hemispheres made up of

A

cortex and basal ganglia

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9
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum

A

Coordinating movement

Learning fine motor skills

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10
Q

Describe the structure of the cerebellum

A

Attached to the brainstem posteriorly via 3 penduncles
Grey cortex and white matter
connected to the vestibular system for balance
Spinal cord and muscles
Motor cortex and thalamus

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11
Q

What is the diencephalon made up of

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

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12
Q

What is the function of the diencephalon

A

hypothalamus: homeostasis - temp. hunger, thirst, hormone
thalamus: integration of somatic and special senses
relays info between the cerebral cortex and lower structures
Emotional status and consciousness

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13
Q

What are the functions of the brain stem

A

Controls vital functions (breathing, HR, BP)

Controls consciousness and sleep-wake cycles

Responsible for protective reflexes (cough, sneeze, gag)

Site of origin of cranial nerves innervating head and neck

Ascending and descending tracts connect forebrain and spinal cord

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14
Q

What is the corpus striatum made up of

A

caudate and putamen

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15
Q

What structures form the lentiform nucleus

A

Putamen and globus palladus

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16
Q

What is the brain stem made up of

A

midbrain
pons
medulla oblongata

17
Q

Describe the structure of the spinal cord

A

Grey matter on the inside
White matter on the outside
Contained within the vertebral column
Surrounded by meninges

18
Q

What is contained in the grey matter

A

dorsal horns - interneurones for sensory function

ventral horns - motor neurone cell bodies for motor function

19
Q

What are the connections in the cerebrum

A

Short connections between adjacent segments
Long tracts that connect all levels of the spinal cord
Commissural fibres go between hemispheres

20
Q

What are the functions of the spinal cord

A

Supplies motor, sensory and autonomic innervation to body through spinal nerves

Mediates reflexes

Contains ascending and descending tracts to communicate with the brain

21
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges from the outermost layer and describe them

A

Dura mater - tough and protective, adherent to bone, space between forms sinuses
Arachnoid mater - thin membrane attached to the dura
Pia mater - delicate membrane closely adherent to the brain and spinal cord

22
Q

Which layer of the meninges contains CSF

A

Subarachnoid space between arachnoid mater and Pia mater contains the CSF

23
Q

Describe epidural haemorrhage

A

arterial bleeding
headache, drowsiness, vomiting, seizure
promptly after injury
between dura mater and skull

24
Q

Describe subdural haemorrhage

A

venous bleeding
headache, drowsiness, vomiting, seizure
symptoms delayed by days or weeks
between Pia mater and dura mater

25
Q

Describe the basic structure of the cranial fossae

A

anterior cranial fossa: frontal lobe
middle cranial fossa: temporal lobe
posterior cranial fossa: cerebellum + brainstem

26
Q

What volume of CSF is produced each day and where

A

500ml from the choroid plexus in the ventricles

27
Q

How much CSF flows at one time

A

150ml

28
Q

Compare CSF to blood

A

Fewer cells
Less protein
Low potassium and calcium
High magnesium and chloride

29
Q

What are the functions of CSF

A

Shock absorbing – protection from trauma
Removes waste products from cellular metabolism
Supplies neurones with nutrients (secondary to blood)
Contains immune cells

30
Q

Describe the flow of blood for the lateral ventricle onwards

A
  1. Lateral ventricles (cerebral hemispheres)
  2. 3rd ventricles (Diencephelon)
  3. Cerebral aqueduct (Midbrain)
  4. 4th ventricle (Pons and medulla)
  5. Subarachnoid space
  6. Venous sinus via the arachnoid villi/granulations
31
Q

What is hydrocephalus

A

An increase in CSF volume

32
Q

How can communicating hydrocephalus be caused by a block in CSF absorption

A

meningitis
head injury
congenital
sub-arachnoid haemorrhage

33
Q

What can a non communicating hydrocephalus be caused by

A

Block in ventricular system
Aqueduct stenosis
Ventricular tumour

34
Q

What is the treatment of hydrocephalus

A

Shunt - thintube that’s surgically implanted in the brain and drains away the excessfluid. Anendoscopic third ventriculostomy(ETV) can sometimes be used as an alternative to shuntsurgery.

35
Q

What is the limbic system

A

Made up from different parts of the brain
Mostly to do with memory
Consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus

Neurology (12 decks)

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